UNIT 11 TEST STUDY GUIDE 110-302-401-402-605-606.docx

401A SELF STUDY SUID/SID Gold STAR Interviewing (at Death Scene Investigation) Is there a previous history of SIDS…this should raise a red flag as there is no evidence to indicate that SIDS is hereditary. 401 Death and Wound Gold Star Death Investigation  Death investigations require a team effor...

401A SELF STUDY SUID/SID Gold STAR Interviewing (at Death Scene Investigation) Is there a previous history of SIDS…this should raise a red flag as there is no evidence to indicate that SIDS is hereditary. 401 Death and Wound Gold Star Death Investigation  Death investigations require a team effort involving personnel from different disciplines  Coordination and extreme attention to detail are necessary from the outset to reach a successful outcome  The body is usually discovered by a member of the public who calls 9-1-1 Responsibilities of first responding officer are key  Must properly secure the scene  Recognize and identify key evidence  Separate and isolate witnesses for independent statements  Obtain biographical information and get initial statements  Promptly notify trained homicide investigators When evaluating whether a death was accidental, natural, suicide, or homicide, it is prudent to suspect the worst and investigate accordingly Even if circumstances indicate an overwhelming appearance of suicide or accident the investigation should be conducted in as much detail as possible  Killers have been known to stage a scene to appear as an accident or suicide Terminology of Death  Death investigators must have an understanding of terminology  Homicide simply means the death of one person caused by another  Murder, an intentional criminal offense, is only one type of homicide  Homicides may also be categorized as accidental, justifiable, negligent, or lawful execution  Cause of death – is the specific injury or disease that led to death  Manner of death - how the death came about  “suicide” Mechanism of death – physiological derangement that results in death  Responsibilities of First Responding Officer  at Scene  Perimeter must be established as well as ingress/egress point  Record biographical information of all present at the crime scene then move them outside the perimeter  Investigators and coroner are usually the only ones admitted onto the death scene  May extend to ems or other personnel due to circumstances  Others must be escorted on and off scene and not left alone  Others should be cautioned not to move or touch evidence  Crime scene log records all personnel who enter and leave  Name, agency/badge number and role  Time in and time out  May be required to provide elimination prints later MUST ESTABLISH ONE INGRESS AND ONE EGRESS Possible Indications of Death  Eyes – pupils fixed and dilated  At death all muscles in the body relax  The colored portion of the eye (iris) is a sphincter muscle  The pupil is the dark circle in the center of the  When the iris relaxes the pupil dilates  When a live eye is exposed to light the pupil constricts  In death the dilated pupil does not react to light  strokes or overdose can affect pupil reaction Pupil reaction is checked by sweeping a light beam across the eye  Pupil reaction can also be checked by closing and opening the eyelid Combination The presence of any one sign of death is not proof of death  A combination of all three signs is a greater indicator of death  Further evaluation may still be needed to conclude death Obvious Indications of Death  Severe injuries incompatible with life  Decapitation  Incineration  Explosive GSW to head  Confirmed submersion over 1 hour signs of Decomposition  Livor mortis  Algor mortis  Rigor mortis  Putrefaction Obvious Indications of Death  (3 STARS) Livor Mortis - post mortem lividity (color of death)  Upon death blood pressure drops to zero due to the cessation of the heart  The blood stops circulating and begins to settle by the force of gravity to the lower points of the body, causing a blotchy, purplish discoloration  This normally begins 1-2 hours after death  Algor Mortis – body temperature change (coldness of death)  Body does not necessarily cool but adjusts to ambient temperature  Generally assumed rate of change is 1.5° per hour Indicates an approximate time of death in the first 24 hours but not definitive  Variables include starting temp, ambient fluctuations, body mass and clothing  Liver temperature is preferred but rectal temperature is sometimes used  Calculation is usually made at autopsy  Rigor Mortis - muscles stiffen due to chemical changes (stiffness of death) - Know order of progression and order releases Develops first in small muscles of the face, eyelids and jaw (5-7 hr)  Progresses down the neck to the torso and out through the arms and legs (7-10 hr)  Fingers and toes are affected last (12 hr)  Body remains in full rigor for about (12 hr)  Vanishes in the same order and time – head 1st then neck, torso, limbs and digits  Can indicate approximate time of death but not definitively  Starts sooner when body temperature elevated at time of death  Can fail to develop properly at any stage Other Obvious Indications of Death  Cadaveric spasm – rare and controversial condition  Sometimes called “death grip”  Can be confused with rigor mortis.  May be caused by a severe, traumatic injury to the cns at the time of death,  Immediate stiffening of the legs, arms, or hands but will not neck or jaw  Putrefaction  Bacteria breaks down proteins in body tissue Green tree-like pattern (marbling) and slipping skin after 2–3 days  Marbling of veins and further spread of stains into neck and limbs in 3–4 days  Marked swelling of the entire body after 5–6 days from internal gas build up  Environmental factors may affect these time brackets  Forensic Entomology  Flies lay eggs on the carcass 2-7 days after death  Eggs hatch into larval (maggot) stage within 8-20 hours  Larva leave within 10 days of death when bloated carcass ruptures and decay begins  Major anthropod activity in viscous byproducts of decay occurs 10-23 days after death  Species present can also help determine if the body was moved Manners of Death  (3 GOLD STARS) Homicide - killing of a person by another person  Criminal homicides include manslaughter, motor vehicle homicide and murder  Others are self-defense, an excusable mistake or (non-criminal) negligence  Suicide - intentional act of self-destruction by a person making a conscious and deliberate decision to terminate their own life  Accidental - an unexpected and unintentional circumstance  Autoerotic - accidental death during sexual self-stimulation usually due to asphyxiation by strangulation or suffocation but sometimes by inhalant abuse or electrocution. these deaths will have additional indicators  Natural- associated with some internal physiological failure of one or more of the vital systems of the body  Undetermined – insufficient evidence to otherwise classify Wound Recognition & Identification  Four basic manners by which wounds are inflicted  Sharp instrument – incised or stab/puncture  Blunt instrument – contusions, abrasions, lacerations  Gunshot – contact, close range, intermediate range or exit  Burns – accidental or abusive  Location of wounds can be an indication of the mechanism of injury  Accidental injuries are generally distal, or away from the center  Hands, feet, lower legs, forearms, head  Assaultive injuries are generally more central  Upper arms and legs, torso, head Presence or absence of wounds to any of these areas alone does not conclusively indicate mechanism of injury Totality of circumstances must be evaluated for proper determination Sharp Instrument  Stab/puncture wound - piercing injury rather than cutting  Caused by rigid, slender weapon with a relatively sharp point  Surface wound tends to conform to the shape of the weapon  Wounds is generally deeper than it is wide/long  Wounds may extend to internal organs  Multiple wounds from same weapon may vary in appearance  Often see bruising around somewhere around the wound  Incised Wound (slash) – slicing injury by sharp edged instrument  Edges tend to be sharp and clean (not ragged or torn)  Wound is generally longer than it is deep  Depth of wound may vary at the edges (ends)  Generally no bruising of surrounding tissue  Wounds usually bleed freely Blunt Instrument  Blunt instrument wounds consist of contusions, abrasions, lacerations and bone fractures  The amount of force applied will determine the extent and type of injury  The instrument used and the angle of impact determine the type of wound Multiple blows from the same instrument can cause different types of wounds  Gunshot Wounds  Penetrating gunshots always have an entrance wound  These sometimes look like stab/puncture wounds  Certain characteristics differentiate a gunshot wound  Without bone support skin stretches as a bullet passes through  The skin then contracts leaving a wound smaller than the bullet  Stretched skin wipes residual smoke and grime from the bullet leaving a dark ring around the wound when it contracts Depending on ballistic and tissue variables there may also be an exit wound  As bullet moves through the body it creates a compression wave of tissue in front of it  Tissue is mostly water and not very compressible so it then pushes additional tissue in an ever-expanding bulge  If the bullet expands in diameter this bulge of tissue is even larger  With enough energy to pass through this bulge of tissue exits in front of the bullet  Exit wounds are usually larger and more destructive than the entrance wounds  Exit wounds often bleed profusely due to this additional tissue destruction Gunshot Wounds  Contact wounds  Muzzle is held on or near the skin when fired  Flame and expanding gasses create more tissue damage than the bullet  Wound may be charred and torn in a star shape called a stellate wound Hard contact wound can leave a mirror image ‘muzzle stamp’ of the gun Intermediate or close range wounds 2-24 inches away from body is when you see TATTOOING AND SMUDGING Muzzle held 2-24 inches away from the body when fired  Smudging from smoke and soot of burned gunpowder present around the wound  Smudging is on the surface and can be wiped off  Tattooing from unburned powder and metal particles present around the wound  Tattooing is permanently imbedded in the skin and cannot be wiped off  Distant range wounds  Muzzle more than 2 feet away from the body when fired  No marks other than those left by the bullet penetrating the body  Materials between the muzzle and the body can alter any of these markings  Clothing, headwear, furniture, bedding, pillow, towel - anything  Victim clothing should always be collected and preserved  Other potential intermediate items should be examined for potential evidence Burns Most common abuse burn is a cigarette burns END OF CLASS REVIEW QUESTIONS Blunt Force: Lacerations; Abrasions; Contusions; Bone Fractures Suicide: Intentional, conscious manner of death. Tattooing/Smudging: Within 2-24” firearm from head Age Rance for interview at CAC: 3-18 years Likelihood of burns from water at 127 degrees Control Bruises: Multiple, fingertip or ligature patterned bruises indicate control or restraint injuries; indicate strangulation when found on neck; look for petechiae when strangulation is suspected (small dotted hemorrhages from blood not leaving the head due to compression of the jugular veins causing small blood vessels in the face to burst). Symptoms of Shaken Baby: Petechiae; Bleeding in and around the brain; Shearing of nerve cell branches; Broken ribs & collar bones; Retinal bleeding; Respiratory arrest SEE BELOW under child abuse LASTING ISSUES AFTER SBS Paralysis Cerebral Palsy Blindness Seizures Mental Retardation Elements/Ages SAC Sexual Assault of a Child: (Need to know these): NRS 28-319.01 Victim: Offender: Type of Offense Violation 0-11 19+ -Penetration- SAC 1st IB Felony 12-15 25+ -Penetration- SAC 1st IB Felony 0-14 19+ -Contact Serious Personal Injury SAC 2nd II Felony 0-14 19+ -Contact No Serious Personal Injury SAC 3rd IIIA Felony Different Statute: 12-16 19+ -(Statutory Rape) SA 1st II Felony Suicide Study Guide Suicide Defined: An intentional act of self-destruction implying a conscious and deliberate termination of one’s own life. Suicide must be thoroughly and properly investigated, not be considered a simple investigation. Accidental death may appear to be suicide on first impression. Homicide may be staged to look like suicide. Family members may tamper with scene to make it look like an accident or a homicide. Life insurance stipulations can create financial motives. Surviving family members often feel embarrassed or shame. Elements of auto-erotic accidental asphyxiation can add to embarrassment. Suicide is a manner of death, Not a cause of death Cause of death is the specific injury or disease leading to death. For suicide, cause is the means by which the victim ended his or her life. There are five manners of death Natural Accidental Suicidal Homicidal Undetermined Investigation Considerations– Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Other gases are sometimes used but CO is most common. Most common method is exhaust from internal combustion engine. Scene is usually in an enclosed area like a garage. Sometimes use a hose from exhaust to passenger compartment of a car. Victim’s skin will turn a bright red from CO poisoning in the blood. On rare occasions, victim inhales CO directly from a compressed gas canister. Nitrous oxide and helium are other easy to obtain gases used to commit suicide. General considerations Men usually choose firearms. Women usually choose drugs. Females tend to avoid disfiguring the face. Relatives find suicide a difficult manner of death to accept. 402 Child Abuse- Gold Star Victims of abuse are 3 TIMES more likely to become abusers themselves. Common characteristics of Abusers History of abuse as a child Tend to keep to themselves - loners Move place to pace Tend to be young 65% are 18-34 Alcohol and Drug Abuser Partner often aware of abuse by ignores or participates Statutes: NRS28-711 to NRS28-727 (NOT GOLD STAR BUT SHOULD HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF) NRS28-711: Any person who believes that a child has been abused is mandated (SHALL) to report the abuse DHHS shall be notified by LE if a report is made within the next working day Privileged communication (For Testimony) between a husband and a wife, patient and physician and client and counselor is not accepted in court LE duties: to investigate any child abuse report, protect the child, and institute legal proceedings if child is seriously endangered. All reports shall be provided to DHHS NRS28-707: Main Child Abuse Statute: Knowingly, intentionally or negligently causes or permits a minor child to be: Placed in a situation that endangers life physical or mental health Confined or cruelly punished Deprived of necessary food, clothing or shelter, or care Sexually exploited Sexually abused Placed in a trafficking situation Left unattended under the age of 6 Sexual Assault of a Child: (Need to know these): NRS 28-319.01 Victim: Offender: Type of Offense Violation 0-11 19+ -Penetration- SAC 1st IB Felony 12-15 25+ -Penetration- SAC  1st IB Felony 0-14 19+ -Contact Serious Personal Injury SAC 2nd II Felony 0-14 19+ -Contact No Serious Personal Injury SAC 3rd IIIA Felony  Different Statute: 12-16 19+ -(Statutory Rape) SA 1st  II Felony  Trigger Mechanism Factor that sets the abuser in motion and starts the abuse Anything can be a crisis or excuse Abuser Overreacts Shaken Baby Syndrome 25% of victims dies from SBS Surviving victims may develop: Paralysis Cerebral Palsy Blindness Seizures Mental Retardation Surviving victims may require  Lifelong medical Care Institutionalization Shaken Baby Syndrome- Continued SBS Victims Primarily under the age of 2 Majority victimized before 1st b-day Perp is most often young and one (in the following in order) Father Boyfriend of mother Female babysitter Mother The most common excuse is inconsolable crying Involvement in domestic violence and drug abuse is highest risk factor for inflicting this abuse  Shaken Baby Syndrome - Symptoms Decreased appetite, poor feeding, unexplained vomiting  Rigid posture, head tilted back, spine bowed back  Drowsiness coupled with irritability  Lethargy /Semi-consciousness  Breathing Irregularities  No smiling or covalization  Decreased muscle tone  Seizures or convulsions  Eye symptoms  Inability to focus or Track  Pupils unequal / constricted or dilated  Pupils unresponsive to light  Blood pooling Burn Classifications 1st Degree- LEAST SERIOUS Degree Superficial Effects epidermis- outer layer Least severe 2nd Degree Painful Red Blistered Pain and Swelling Dermis affected 3rd Degree- MOST SERIOUS Destroys epidermis and dermis Subcutaneous Tissues White or Charred Relatively painless due to nerve damage Immersion Burn Injuries De-Socking or Degloving (Dipping child in hot water) Donut Burns Likelihood of deep burn increases when water temp is over 127F  Most common scald is caused by tap water  Most common contact burn is caused by cigarettes Bruises: Physiology                              Age Swollen, tender, little change 0-2 days  Red, blue, purple 2-5 days  Green 5-7 days  Yellow 7-10 days  Brown 10-14 days  Clear 2-4 weeks  Photograph in color with scale Immediately and 24-48 hours later DONT GET CAUGHT UP ON AGE; KNOW ORDER; PHOTOGRAPH IN COLOR Investigation of Child Abuse- STEPS: • Photograph victim injuries and crime scene  • Arrange for forensic interview of victim at CAC (ages 3 – 18)  • Process crime scene for additional evidences  • Signed consent or search warrant  • Collect and secure evidence  • Belts/weapons, cigarettes, underwear, bedding, x-rays, etc.  • Interview potential witnesses – electronically recorded  • Does the opportunity exist to complete pre-textual phone call?  • Collect medical reports, including SANE/FNE report  • HIPPA restrictions/consent forms  • Document everything with notes, photos, audio & video HHS CANNOT DETERMINE 48 Hour Hold Physical Abuse Injuries Document location of all injuries  Location of injuries can provide insight into how child may have been positioned during the injury  Document size and shape of all injuries  Examine Target Areas  Backside from neck to knees is a primary target  Face/ears  Abdomen  Hands/feet  Entire length of arms/legs for defensive injuries  From attempts to block or stop injuries to face/body Age and development level of the child  Target child selection syndrome  Treatment delay  Hospital shopping or hopping  Indicative of prior or repeated abuse  Pattern injuries indicating weapon of abuse  Defensive or control injuries Control Injuries Due to control-oriented grabbing or squeezing  Caused by abuser restrains child during attack  Look for specific patterned bruising  Finger-tip bruises on arms, legs, neck or torso  Ligature marks from ropes or other bindings  Bruises on the ears Interviewing child victims At Child Advocacy Center for ages 3-18 (see NRS 28-728)  ONLY by a certified forensic child interviewer trained to determine/evaluate (sans exigency) Age and verbal skill level of child  Family pressures and issues  Physical or corroborative evidence  Victim or witness tampering  Threats made by abuser against child or others  Anyone told them what to say  Emotional trauma to child  Your job is to covertly observe and take notes Have a communication plan during interview with interviewer CHILD ADVOCACY CENTER 28-710 Community based organization  Member of a State chapter  Provide appropriate site for forensic interviews  Refer victims/care providers to needed services  Facilitate case reviews Develop and update response protocols  Arrange training opportunities Have a communication plan during interview with interviewer 605 and 606 EVOC/DVOC Occupant Protection Devices: Seatbelts It’s the Law Generally policy requires its use and you may not receive Workman’s Compensation if you are injured in a crash! Adjustment: Low as possible on abdomen Disengagement: Use left hand to release and guide Seat Belt Advantages Better vehicle control Less injury and death Lower medical costs Less lost time Protection from objects in vehicle Protection from AirBag deployment Compliance with law and policy Role model for community Weather Conditions, Road Conditions, Road Surfaces, Animals/Objects in Roadway Pedestrians and Vehicles When will you encounter congested traffic? Parking lots Community events School hours Sporting events County/State fair Funerals Parades Emergency scenes Pedestrians Operating in congested areas requires a great deal of attention Pedestrians will gather in close proximity to your vehicle especially during special events and emergencies as they are curious Children do not understand dangers of vehicles None of them know when the vehicle will move or which direction it will travel Requires extreme caution Vehicles Operating in congested areas requires a great deal of attention Parking lots make it difficult to anticipate when vehicles will exit parking stalls Visibility is greatly affected by visual obstructions Constant flow of pedestrian traffic going to and coming from the vehicles Also requires extreme caution Night Driving Reduces detail and conceals hazards Is more difficult to judge speed and position of other vehicles Vision is dependant on headlights Glare: Never look directly at oncoming headlights Look to the fog line instead Techniques to Improve Night Vision Dim panel lights, and clean headlights and windshield (inside and outside) 4 second following distance minimum Do not use sunglasses Basic Rule: Do not overdrive your headlights Night Driving without Headlights Beneficial during several activities: Concealed approaches to service calls Surveillance operations, etc. Need some ambient lighting in order to see Much more difficult to see potential hazards Chance of crash significantly increases Other traffic will have very difficult time seeing you Animals or Objects Size will depend on proper action to take Large animals or objects that are unavoidable should be hit with a glancing blow to lessen the amount of impact Weather Conditions Snow and Ice Increases stopping distance Less friction on the road Increase following distance Deep snow will act like water and pull you to deep end Weather Conditions Rain Slickest in first 3-5 minutes of rain Pulls oil and debris to road surface 1/16th of an inch of water can cause hydroplaning Occurs when water is deeper than tread depth Avoid driving in track puddles Hydrolock When the engine sucks up water and seizes the engine Due to driving through deep water Visibility Fog, haze, smoke, mist, snow Drive with low beams Slow down Overheads will greatly reduce your vision in dense fog Mud/Grass Fills the tread reducing the reaction of steering input Loss of control or sideways slide can cause rollover if buildup is sufficient Debris will buildup on sides of tires during sideways slide in grass and mud To avoid rollovers: Let off, feather gas pedal Gravel/Blacktop/Concrete Gravel/Dirt: Easy to lose control at high speed/ Low friction on loose packed roadway surface Washboards Dust trails/poor visibility/ Flying Rocks Blacktop: Will bleed oil on hot days causing a slick surface Concrete: Expands and contracts with weather, glazes with ice quickly in freezing conditions Potholes Drive around if possible; high potential for tire or undercarriage damage If unavoidable, slow down and keep tires rolling; never allow a tire to slide into it Hit the pothole square; tire face can take more impact than side walls Washboards What to do if? Stalled Engine: Shift to neutral and re-start Stuck Accelerator: Dislodge, neutral, brake, turn off ignition Leaking Exhaust: Get it fixed! Flat or Blowout: Avoid hard braking & steer slowly toward a safe area Brake Failure: Downshift, slowly activate emergency brake  Wet Brakes: Lightly brake to heat up Overheating Engine: Turn on heater Oil Light: Check ASAP Hood Flies Up: Use side windows and slow to stop (Ace Ventura) Tire Jacks  ***might be on test know these*** Refer to your vehicle owner’s manual for specific details on how to change your tire General recommendations: Make sure the tire jack is on the frame in close proximity to the problem tire, but not on the body of the vehicle Be sure to use the appropriate size wrench for the lug nuts Never place any part of your body between the tire and frame or ground and tire Place vehicle on flat, hard, level surface, away from traffic Be sure to place vehicle in park and set parking brake Push down on lug wrench to loosen nuts; do not pull up on wrench as is it may injure your back Vehicle Forces/Dynamics, Weight Transfer, Braking Issues ***Centrifugal Force*** (said be good to know) The force that pushes a vehicle traveling in a curve outward, away from the center Influenced by speed and the radius of the curve: If speed doubles, centrifugal force increases fourfold The tighter the curve (radius) the greater the centrifugal force ***Centripetal Force***  The force opposite centrifugal force; the force holding a vehicle on the curve Centripetal force arises from the friction between the tires and the road When centrifugal and centripetal forces are equal, there is NO slippage around a curve Weight Transfer (smooth is fast)  Acceleration, braking, or turning all change the weight distribution of a vehicle. This shift is called weight transfer When moving and turning, weight will shift to the sides and/or corners of the vehicle and it becomes unstable Ability to maintain a stable platform We do that by using… Smooth steering, braking, and acceleration inputs to minimize weight transfer When turning, take the widest line safely possible This will be even MORE pronounced as speed increases Use your suspension system to balance the forces FWD vs. RWD There is a great amount of difference in the percentage of weight distribution in a front wheel drive versus a rear wheel drive Place these two different vehicles in motion and the weight transfer will cause unique handling differences which you must adjust to Rear Wheel Drive Balance at Rest: 60% of weight on front steer axle, 40% of weight on rear axle. Front Wheel Drive Balance at Rest: 70% of weight on front steer axle, 30 % of weight on rear Rear wheel drive balance in forward motion:  45% of weight on front steer axle, 55% of weight on rear axle. Front Wheel Drive Balance in forward motion: 60% of weight on front steer axle, 40 % of weight on rear Rear Wheel Drive Balance Hard Braking: 70% of weight on front steer axle, 30 % of weight on rear Front Wheel Drive Balance Hard Braking: 85% of weight on front steer axle, 15 % of weight on rear Comparisons Based on these figures, a rear wheel drive configuration has better weight distribution under similar circumstances The more severe the weight distribution on a front wheel drive forces the driver to need more knowledge and skill to safely control the vehicle These weight differences will also affect  Four-Wheel Drive Weight transfer is different for cornering and acceleration Depending on pickup vs SUV how weight transfers Top heavy Benefits: Ideal for use: Snow Mud Ice Sandy roads Steep terrain Off-road conditions Vehicle Movements and Cornering Driving Movements Contributing to Accidents  Over 50% of law enforcement accidents occur while backing Back into parking stalls whenever possible to reduce accident potential during expedited departure Backing Concerns Front end swing Backing Typical Method for Backing: Body turned to the right Look out rear window Right arm over front seat Left hand at 12 o’clock (only time for one-handed steering) Clear view of rear Preferred Method For Law Enforcement Vehicles Use of mirrors Equipment (i.e. cages, guns) pose vision obstructions. Light, smooth acceleration Frequent checks to the front Brake Fade Brakes are temporarily non-existent due to excessive heat build up Worn pads contribute greatly to this event Brake fluid loses effectiveness Brake components may physically fall apart if repeatedly abused Semi-metallic pads and shoes are recommended for emergency vehicles DOT3 = 400o Boiling Point DOT5 = 500o Boiling Point Braking (they will teach us this)  Early and smooth with constant, steady pressure on brake and smooth release Anti Lock (ABS): Steady pressure on brake, DO NOT pump ABS brakes “Limit braking” is to slow a vehicle at the maximum rate without losing tire grip Brakes without ABS: “Threshold braking” short of wheel lock-up Intersection Cover Average reaction time for a person who is paying attention is about a second and a half. If covering the brake its about half a second  Techniques of Steering Palming the Wheel: One handed steering Impossible for complex steering inputs Hand Over Hand: The old 10 and 2 Exposes your crossed hands to the airbag Causes greater movement in steering input Shuffle Steering: Gives you full control of vehicle inputs  Steering Shuffle Steering  Of all the concepts that we teach, shuffle steering seems to be the hardest for students to accept Proper steering encourages fast driving Proper steering encourages safe driving Airbag Deployment Shuffle Steering Techniques Hand Position is at approximately 7/5- 8/4 Hands never cross 12/6 Slide the Wheel: Don’t grip the wheel  One Hand Always on the Grip: Thumb is always up Advantages of Shuffle Steering Both hands on the wheel at all times Hands NEVER cross over Able to steer without leaning forward Retains the ability to feed the wheel back to center  Cornering Apex:  The high point on the inside radius of a curve. The point in the curve which, when passed, the road opens up in a straight direction. Generally, the best lane position is outside, inside (to apex), outside Improper speed, position, steering input, braking, or acceleration may cause the vehicle to skid during cornering True Apex The apex is the center of the curve when the curve is 90° Late/Deep Apex Late apex’s are found at the end of the curve where the road opens up in a straight line Cornering:  Evaluate the corner by: (limit or trail braking)  Establish speed before entering Brake only in a straight line, prior to entering the corner; this gives you the most stable platform Do NOT use brakes in a corner unless absolutely necessary Steer for the apex Feather the accelerator through the corner to maintain speed Accelerate after the weight shift is stabilized Emergency Driving Is nothing more than defensive driving done at a higher speed! Remember: Smooth is Fast! Authorized Emergency Vehicle Defined: NRS 60-610 Authorized emergency vehicle shall mean such fire department vehicles, police vehicles, and ambulances that are publicly owned, and such other publicly and privately-owned vehicles as are designated by the Director of Motor Vehicles NRS 60-6,114 (TEST) The driver of an authorized emergency vehicle, when responding to an emergency call, when  pursuing an actual or suspected violator of the law, or when responding to, but not upon returning from a fire alarm,  • (a) Stop, park, or stand, irrespective of the provisions of the rules, and disregard regulations governing direction of movement or turning in specified directions; and • (b) Except for wreckers towing disabled vehicles and highway maintenance vehicles and equipment: • (i) Proceed past a steady red indication, a flashing red indication, or a stop sign but only after slowing down as may be necessary for safe operation; and • (ii) Exceed the maximum speed limits so long as he or she does not However….. The provisions of this section shall not relieve the driver of such emergency vehicle from the duty to drive with due regard for the safety of all persons, nor shall such provisions protect such driver from the consequences of his or her reckless disregard for the safety of others Due Care/Due Regard Due Regard: Driving in a manner which does not endanger life or property. Excessive speed or negligent operations may cause both you and your agency liable for action. Who decides if you're “negligent”?? (the court, the agency, jury) Would a reasonably prudent, careful person, performing the same duties under those or similar circumstances, act in the same manner. Components of Driving Awareness: See Cone / Hit Cone Changes to the traffic environment Look where you want to go, not where you are Collision Avoidance: Move to minimize Space Management Aim high: Look down the road, 12 second rule Keep your eyes moving: See the whole picture Leave yourself an out: Make sure they see you Space cushion: 4 seconds urban Clearing Intersections Allow for others to adjust to your approach Use quick, thorough, search methods  Check Twice! Look for additional emergency vehicles Gatewood vs. Bellevue Speed / Evasive Choices Maintain speed Decelerate Foot off accelerator and cover brake Foot off accelerator and apply brake Increase Speed Law Enforcement Obligations During a Pursuit You have two obligations during a pursuit An obligation to apprehend the violator An obligation NOT to make things worse and to conduct the pursuit in a proper manner Flight to Avoid, 28-905 (1) Any person who operates any motor vehicle to flee in such vehicle in an effort to avoid arrest or citation commits the offense of operation of a motor vehicle to avoid arrest Class I misdemeanor Class IV felony has previously been convicted results directly and proximately in the death of or injury  to any person includes the willful reckless operation of the motor  vehicle 13-911, 3rd Party Liability (1) In case of death, injury, or property damage to any innocent third party proximately caused by the action of a law enforcement officer employed by a political subdivision during vehicular pursuit, damages shall be paid to such third party by the political subdivision employing the officer. 13-911 (5) For purposes of this section, vehicular pursuit means an active attempt by a law enforcement officer operating a motor vehicle to apprehend one or more occupants of another motor vehicle, when the driver of the fleeing vehicle is or should be aware of such attempt and is resisting apprehension by maintaining or increasing his or her speed, ignoring the officer, or attempting to elude the officer while driving at speeds in excess of those reasonable and proper under the conditions Defining Pursuit Decisions State Law: 29-215 Case Law Agency Policies: 29-211 Pursuit Ethics An officer must maintain high ethical standards to prevent pursuit related tragedy There is no legal obligation to initiate or continue a pursuit An officer must have the maturity, experience, and a clear mind to prioritize things and make responsible decisions ***Book, Bell, & Candle*** Book: Does my decision violate any laws, policies, or procedures? Bell: Do any bells or warning signs go off as I consider my choice of actions?  Reasonableness Candle: Will my decision withstand the spotlight? Will my decision now, burn me later? ***29-215, Jurisdictions*** (know misdemeanor or felony) (1) A law enforcement officer has the power and authority to enforce the laws of this state and of the political subdivision which employs the law enforcement officer or otherwise perform the functions of that office anywhere within his or her primary jurisdiction. (2) Any law enforcement officer who is within this state, but beyond his or her primary jurisdiction, has the power and authority to enforce the laws of this state or any legal ordinance of any city or incorporated village or otherwise perform the functions of his or her office,including the authority to arrest and detain suspects, as if enforcing the laws or performing the functions within his or her primary jurisdiction in the following cases: 29-215 Cont’d (a) Any such law enforcement officer, if in a fresh attempt to apprehend a person suspected of committing a felony, may follow such person into any other jurisdiction in this state and there arrest and detain such person and return such person to the law enforcement officer's primary jurisdiction; (b) Any such law enforcement officer, if in a fresh attempt to apprehend a person suspected of committing a misdemeanor or a traffic infraction, may follow such person anywhere in an area within twenty-five miles of the boundaries of the law enforcement officer's primary jurisdiction and there arrest and detain such person and return such person to the law enforcement officer's primary jurisdiction During the Pursuit Driving (How is he driving) Communicating (who dispatched you) Effects of    Termination Considerations When driver is identified When the vehicle is lost When danger of continuing outweighs the need for apprehension What constitutes termination? (turning lights off and turning another direction)  Typical Pursuit Offender Stole a vehicle Suspended/Revoked DWI Driver has committed a minor crime Driver with contraband/ warrants Average age was 26 If nobody terminates? One of three things will happen: Escape Capture Crash Pursuit Roadblocks Generally classified as rolling and stationary Rolling need a minimum of three units: Rear Side Front The design of a rolling roadblock places you in a hazardous position Used only as a last resort Stationary Roadblocks Sub-Categories: Compulsive Roadblocks: Eliminating a suspect's path of travel by cruiser positioning and environment Total Roadblock 1989 – Brower vs. County of Inyo, California In deploying a roadblock you have attempted a seizure under the Fourth Amendment Therefore, it must be reasonable. This was an unnecessary use of force. Stationary Roadblocks Coercive Roadblocks: Channels the suspect into a strategic avenue for apprehension Eliminate normal routes: driving lanes and shoulders Deployed so the suspect can safely see the roadblock and the avenue Best suited for tire deflation devices Tactics to End Pursuits Go to High Risk Tactics! Department policy and totality of the circumstances Do Not perform any maneuvers you are not properly trained in Spikes P.I.T. Rolling Road Block Driving Courses / Vehicle Inspections Homework: how to properly set up the mirrors  Driving Course Policy and Procedure The Rules & Regulations for the Driving Course Includes the Performance Objectives Read, sign, return Inside Course Time Standard = 3:10 Cannot touch any cones in the slightest Vehicle must be backed into garages to proper depth All tires must remain on hard surface at all times Time begins when vehicle starts in motion Time ends when front bumper passes over finish line Outside Course Time Standard = 3:30 Three laps counter clockwise (1:10 per lap) Three laps clockwise (1:10 per lap) Must use proper driving techniques as taught All tires must remain on hard surface at all times Time begins when vehicle crosses start line Time ends when vehicle crosses finish line Driver Improvement Practice on your part must take place often enough until the recommended skills have replaced your previous habits. Without it, very few positive results will take place. Use what we teach, it works! Vehicle Defects and Maintenance Vehicles are machines that are subject to failure if not properly cared for Routine inspections are a must A basic knowledge of the vehicle systems will aid in the detection of any problems Use the vehicle inspection forms every time we drive Mechanical Inspection Fluids: Brake, Oil, Transmission, Radiator, Battery, Power Steering, Wiper Belts and Hoses Wiring Loose, Worn, or Broken Items Tire Pressure, Tight Lug Nuts, No Cracks or Stress Fractures on Rims Inspect Every Car Every Time We Drive Interior Inspection Brake Systems Horn, P.A., Sirens Gauges and Warning Lights Fuel Status Seat Belts Mirrors Door Locks Seat Adjustment and Head Rest Debris, Junk, Bottles, Etc. Exterior Inspection Mirrors, Windows, Lights, Signals Emergency Lights and Spot Lights Hood and Trunk Latches Wipers Body Damage Tire Pressure / Inflation Maximum Factory Tire Pressure Maximum contact patch Increases sidewall support Decreases hydroplaning NLETC Tires: 50 P.S.I. Vehicle Inspection Is… Each Operator’s Responsibility! 110 Intro to Juvenile Justice Objectives Define the term “Parens Patriae”, and describe how it has influenced the juvenile justice system (D-5, A-25). Is the view that the gov has the right and responsibility to take care of minors and others who could not legally take care of themselves. Identify the basic philosophy of the juvenile justice system (D-5, A-25). To provide guidance to the juvenile and protect the juvenile's best interest. Focused on rehabilitation rather than punishment. Identify the basic interests covered by the Nebraska Juvenile Code (D-5, A-25). Interests of the child Interests of the parents Interests of society Define the types of juveniles found in the Nebraska juvenile justice system and provide examples of each (D-5, A-25). Status offender; a juvenile who has been charged with or adjudicated for conduct that is not a crime if committed by an adult. Non-offender; A juvenile who is subject to the jurisdiction of the court for reasons other than legally prohibited conduct. Delinquent; A juvenile who has committed an act that would be considered criminal if committed by an adult. Mentally Ill & Dangerous; A juvenile who is mentally ill, an alcoholic or a drug abusing person who presents either a substantial risk of serious harm to others or themselves. Describe the types of cases where the juvenile court has exclusive jurisdiction over a case and when it has concurrent jurisdiction over a case with the adult courts (D-5, A-25). 43-247 3(a)(b) & (c) Juveniles 11 to 17 who have committed a misdemeanor / infraction Juveniles 11 to 13 who have committed ANY felony Any juvenile 14 or older who has committed Class III & IV felonies Concurrent Jurisdiction; Class I - Class IIA felonies OR traffic offenses; i. Juveniles 14 or older who have committed Class I - IIA felonies ii. Juveniles 11-17 who have committed a traffic offense iii. 43-246.01(3) iv. 29-1816(1)(a)(ii) & (iii) Identify the process used to transfer a case from the adult criminal courts to the juvenile court and state the factors a court will consider when reviewing the transfer request (D-5, A-25, O-10). A hearing is held to determine jurisdiction If filed in adult court, juvenile has 30 days from arraignment to request waiver to juvenile court (age 14-17 class I - IIA felony or traffic) All other concurrent jurisdiction cases start in juvenile court and MAY be transferred to adult court. Prosecutor files motion to transfer. Transfer from juvenile to adult court; preponderance of the evidence that the case should be transferred. Factors to consider at transfer hearing; was there violence, was there motivation, the age of the juvenile, previous history, the best interest of juvenile and society, juvenile's understanding of the seriousness of offense, whether a firearm was used, whether the juvenile is a gang member. State and explain the situations when a law enforcement officer may take a juvenile into temporary custody (D-5, A-25, D-12). Juveniles who are 11 or older who have violated state law or municipal ordinance Are seriously endangered by their surroundings and immediate removal is necessary for their protection Is a runaway Has violated probation and is a flight risk Is truant from school Involved in prostitution / sex trafficking Is under 11 years old and falls under 43-247 (1), (2), 3(b), or (4) State the rights of a juvenile once he/she has been taken into custody and explain how each affects an officer’s actions (D-5, A-25, O-10). Juveniles have the same rights as adults except for a jury trial. Identify the various participants in the juvenile justice system and state the roles of each (D-5, A-25). Prosecutor: responsible for filing the petition or criminal complaint CPS worker: placement, investigation, case plan prep, monitoring, and recommendation of terminations Public School Officials Foster Care Review Office: Monitor the progress of juvenile cases when juvenile is placed outside of home Defense Counsel: an attorney who zealously and ethically represents their client Guardian Ad Litem: An attorney appointed by the court to protect the best interest of the child CASA: volunteer (layperson) who has regular contact with child and submits reports to the court during hearings Describe each stage of the juvenile justice trial process; explain what occurs at each stage and the potential outcomes of each stage (D-5, A-25). Initial hearing; judge informs parties of allegations and possible disposition Adjudication Hearing; fact-finding process where the court determines if the evidence is sufficient to sustain the allegations of the petition Dispositional hearing; evidentiary hearing conducted by the court in order to determine what should happen with either the juvenile and/or the parents Review hearing; occurs every 6 months to review status of case. Define jail, lock-up & mental health facility (D-5, A-25, A-76). Jail: A facility designed for the secured confinement of both adult pre-trial detainees and offenders serving sentences. Lock-up: A facility used for short-term pre-trail detention of less than 96 hours. Mental Health Facility: A treatment facility which is licensed to provide services for persons who are mentally ill or substance dependent or both. State rules regarding the confinement of juveniles and explain when juveniles can be held in confinement and where they can be held (D-5, A-25, A-76). Should be placed into a juvenile detention facility Can be held in secure area of jail for 6 hours prior to and after court If 16 or over and charged with adult felony, may be held in a securely held jail or lock-up Must have sight and sound separation from adult inmates Status offenders, non-offenders, and mentally ill / dangerous juveniles CANNOT be held in an adult jail, lock-up or juvenile detention facility Identify youth service agencies commonly available in Nebraska and standard procedures designed to provide access (D-5, A-25). Court-Appointed Special Advocate (CASA): is a volunteer, with a similar role of a GAL, but is not an attorney involved in the hearings in that same capacity. They are to conduct independent examination regarding the best interests of the child that will provide factual information to the court regarding the child and the child’s family. See 43-3701-3710. Temporary shelters, treatment centers, group and foster homes.