Unit 1 Foundation Microbiology and Parasitology PDF

Intoduction: Microbiology and Parasitology Prepared By: Grazhielle Mae William  UNIT 1: FOUNDATION Definition of Branches Importance History Terms -01- -02- -03- -04-  Part 01 Definition of Terms ...

Intoduction: Microbiology and Parasitology Prepared By: Grazhielle Mae William  UNIT 1: FOUNDATION Definition of Branches Importance History Terms -01- -02- -03- -04-  Part 01 Definition of Terms  Terms MICROBIOLOGY- is the study of microbes. It includes the study of certain nonliving entities as well as certain living organisms. It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. Microbes- are tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They live in water, soil, and in the air. The human body is a home to millions of these microbes too, also called microorganisms. Some microbes make us sick, others are important for our health. The various It servescategories of microbes include viruses, bacteria, a variety of purposes, archaea, It serves protozoa and a variety of purposes, certain making types of fungi and algae. presentations powerful making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching.  Terms Bacteria- a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. The first life forms to appear on earth and present in most of its habitat. Virus- a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates It serves aonly variety inside of purposes,the makingliving cells presentations powerful tools for of an organism. convincing and teaching. Algae- are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. A single or multi-cellular organism that has no roots, stems or leaves and is often found in water. Fungi- any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds a swell as familiar mushrooms. Protozoa- term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free living or It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, parasitic, which feed on making presentations powerful organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic making presentations powerful tissues tools and for debris. convincing and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching.  Terms Prokaryotes- are unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures. Therefore, they do not have a nucleus, but instead, generally have a single chromosome: a piece of circular, double stranded DNA, It serves a variety of purposes, making located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid. presentations powerful tools for - bacteria convincing and teaching. Eukaryotes- are organisms whose cells have a nucleus within a nuclear envelope - human, animals, plants, fungi It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching.  Terms Prokaryotes- are unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures. Therefore, they do not have a nucleus, but instead, generally have a single chromosome: a piece of circular, double stranded DNA, It serves a variety of purposes, making located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid. presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. Eukaryotes- are organisms whose cells have a nucleus within a nuclear envelope It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching.  Part 02 BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY  BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY 1. Bacteriology- the subdivision of microbiology involves the identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species. It serves a variety of purposes, making 2. Virology- is the study of viruses- submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic presentations powerful tools for material contained in a protein coat and virus like agents. convincing and teaching. 3. Mycology- concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food and entheogens as well as their dangers such as toxicity or infection. It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, 4. Protozoology- is the study of protozoa, the “animal-like” making presentations powerful protists. making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching.  Part 03 IMPORTANCE  IMPORTANCE 1. Microbes that live on and in the human body are referred to as our indigenous microbiota or human microbiome and for the most part, It serves a variety of purposes, making they are of benefit to us. presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. The indigenous microbiota inhibit the growth of pathogens in those areas of the body, where they live by occupying space , depleting the food supply and secreting materials It serves a variety of purposes, ( waste products, toxins, antibiotics making presentations powerful It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful etc. ) that tools formay prevent convincing or reduce and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching. the growth of pathogens. Example: Candida albicans - normal flora found in the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract.  IMPORTANCE 2. Some of the microbes that colonize ( inhabit ) our bodies are known as opportunistic pathogens. Although these microbes usually do not cause any problems, they have the potential to cause infections if they gain access to a part of our anatomy where they do not belong. Other opportunistic It serves a varietypathogens of purposes, makingstrike when a person becomes run-down, stressed out, or debilitated ( weakened presentations powerful tools for ) as a convincing and teaching. result of some disease or condition. Examples: Candida Albicans normal flora overproduction CANDIDIASIS fungal infection - diet Candidiasis -weakened - oral thrush It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful immune systems -Vaginal Yeast Infection making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. -hormonal changes tools for convincing and teaching. -Invasive Candidiasis -Antibiotic Use -Diabetec pts  IMPORTANCE 3. Microbes are essential for life on this planet as we know it. For example, some microbes produce oxygen by the process known as photosynthesis. Actually, microbes contribute more oxygen to our atmosphere It serves a variety than domaking of purposes, plants. Thus, organisms that require oxygen-humans, for example – owe presentations powerfula debt tools for of convincing and teaching. gratitude to the algae and cyanobacteria ( a group of photosynthetic bacteria ) that produce oxygen. 4. Many microbes are involved in the decomposition of dead organisms and the waste products of living organisms. Collectively, these microbes are referred to as decomposers or saprophytes. Imagine living in a world with no decomposers. It serves a variety of purposes, Saprophytes aid in fertilization making presentations powerful by returning inorganic nutrients to the soil. They It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful break tools down deadand for convincing and dying organic materials ( plants and teaching. tools animals ) into for convincing and nitrates, teaching. phosphates, and other chemicals necessary for the growth of plants.  IMPORTANCE 5. Some microbes are capable of decomposing industrial wastes ( oil spills, for example ). Thus, we can use microbes-genetically engineered microbes, in some cases- to clean up. The use of microbes in this manner is called bioremediation. It serves a variety of purposes, making 6. Many microbes are involved in elemental cycles, such as carbon, presentations powerful toolsnitrogen, for convincing and teaching. oxygen, sulfur and phosphate cycles. In the nitrogen cycle, certain bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonia in the soil. Knowledge of these microbes is important to farmers who practice crop rotation to replenish nutrients in their fields and to gardeners who keep compost pits as a source of natural fertilizer. The study of the relationships between microbes and the environment is called microbial ecology. It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful making presentations powerful 7. Microbes serveandas tools for convincing important links in food chains. Microscopic teaching. organisms in the tools for convincing and teaching. ocean, collectively referred to as plankton, serve as the starting point for many food chains. Tiny marine algae are called phytoplankton, whereas tiny marine animals are called zooplankton.  IMPORTANCE It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful Zooplankton (krill) powerful making presentations tools for convincing and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching.  IMPORTANCE 8. Many microbes are essential in various food and beverage industries, whereas others are used to produce certain enzymes and chemicals. The use of living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify useful products or processes is called biotechnology It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful tools for 9. Some bacteria and fungi produce antibiotics that are used convincing to treat patients and teaching. with infectious diseases. By definition, an antibiotic is a substance produced by a microbe that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microbes. The use of microbes in the antibiotic industry is an example of biotechnology. 10. Microbes are essential in the field of genetic engineering. In genetic engineering, a gene or genes from one organism are inserted It serves a variety of purposes, intoofapurposes, It serves a variety bacterial or making presentations powerful yeast tools cell. for convincing and teaching. making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. Microbiologists have engineered bacteria and yeasts to produce a variety of useful substances, such as insulin, various types of growth hormones, interferons, and materials for use of vaccines.  IMPORTANCE 11. For many years, microbes have been used as cell models. The more scientists learned about the structure and function of microbial cells, the more they learned about cells in general. It serves a variety of purposes, making 12. Finally, we come to diseases. Microbes cause two categories presentations powerful of toolsdiseases: for infectious diseases and microbial intoxications. convincing and teaching. -An infectious disease results when a pathogen colonizes the body and subsequently causes a disease. -A microbial intoxication results when a person ingests a toxin ( poisonous substance ) that has been produced by a microbe. It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching.  Part 04 HISTORY Insert a catchy quote or valuable sentence here Presentation are communication tools that can be used as demontrations, lectures, reports, and more. it is mostly presented before an audience.  HISTORY 1. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632-1723 ) Because Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to see live bacteria and protozoa, he is sometimes referred to as the It serves a variety of purposes, making “Father of Microbiolgy”, the “Father of presentations powerful tools for Bacteriology”, and the “Father of Protozoology”. convincing and teaching. -THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION OR ABIOGENESIS: life can arise spontaneously from nonliving material Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall finally disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and proved that life can only arise from preexisting life. This is called the THEORY OF BIOGENESIS. This was first proposed by a German scientist named Rudolf Virchow in 1858. 2. Louis Pasteur- ( 1822-1895 ) HISTORY A French chemist, made numerous contributions to the newly emerging field of microbiology, and, in fact, contributions are considered by many people to be the It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful tools for foundation of the science of microbiology and a convincing and teaching. cornerstone of modern medicine. - Pasteur discovered what occurs during alcoholic fermentation. - demonstrated that different types of microbes produce different fermentation -DISPROVED theory of spontaneous generation It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, -Pasteur makingdiscovered forms of life that could exist presentations powerful making presentations powerful in the tools absence ofand for convincing oxygen. teaching. tools for convincing and teaching. He introduced the term aerobes (organisms that require oxygen) and anaerobes ( organisms that do not require oxygen ). 2. Louis Pasteur- ( 1822-1895 ) HISTORY - developed a process (pasteurization) to kill microbes that were causing wine to spoil. Pasteurization can be used to kill pathogens in types of liquids. It should be noted that pasteurization It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful tools for does not kill all of the microbes in liquids-just the convincing and teaching. pathogens. -Pasteur discovered the infectious agents that caused the silkworm diseases that were crippling the silk industry in France. He also discovered how to prevent such diseases. -PasteurIt serves made significant contributions to the germ- a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, theory ofmaking disease-the theory presentations powerful that specific microbes cause making presentations powerful specifictools infectious diseases. for convincing and teaching. For example, anthrax is tools for convincing and teaching. caused by a specific bacterium ( Bacillus anthracis ), whereas tuberculosis is caused by a different bacterium ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis ). 2. Louis Pasteur- ( 1822-1895 ) HISTORY Pasteur championed changes in hospital practices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens. It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful tools for Pasteur developed vaccines to prevent chicken cholera, convincing and teaching. anthrax, and swine erysipelas ( a skin disease ). It was the development of these vaccines that made him famous in France. Before the vaccines, these diseases were decimating chickens, sheep, cattle and pigs in that country-a serious economic problem. It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful making presentations powerful Pasteur tools developed a vaccine for convincing and teaching. to prevent rabies in dogs tools for convincing and teaching. and successfully used the vaccine to treat human rabies.  IMPORTANCE 3. Robert Koch- ( 1843-1910 ) A German physician made numerous contributions to the science of microbiology. It serves a variety of purposes, making -He proved that the anthrax bacillus presentations powerful tools for ( B. anthracis ), which had been discovered earlier convincing and teaching. by other scientists, was truly the causative agent of anthrax. -He accomplished this using a series of scientific steps that he and his colleagues had developed, these steps later became known as Koch’s Postulates. It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful -Koch tools discovered that B. anthracis produces spores, for convincing and teaching. capable of resisting adverse conditions.  IMPORTANCE 3. Robert Koch- ( 1843-1910 ) - developed methods of fixing, staining, and photographing bacteria. It serves a variety of purposes, making - developed methods of cultivating bacteria on solid presentations powerful tools for media. The term pure culture refers to a condition in convincing and teaching. which only one type of organism is growing on a solid culture medium or in a liquid culture medium in the laboratory; no other types of organisms are present. -Koch Itdiscovered the bacterium ( M. tuberculosis ) serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful that causes tuberculosis and the bacterium ( Vibrio tools for convincing and teaching. cholera ) that causes cholera.  IMPORTANCE 3. Robert Koch- ( 1843-1910 ) -Koch’s work on tuberculin ( a protein derived from M. tuberculosis ) ultimately led It serves a variety of purposes, making to the development of a skin test valuable in presentations powerful tools for diagnosing tuberculosis. convincing and teaching. It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching.  IMPORTANCE 4. Francesco Redi ( 1668 ) An Italian Physician, naturalist, biologist and poet. He is referred to as the “Father of Modern Parasitology”.It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful tools for He was the first person to challenge the theory of convincing and teaching. spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies. It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching.  IMPORTANCE 5. John Needham ( 1745 ) Published a report of his own experiments, in which he briefly boiled broth infused with plant or animal It serves a variety of purposes, making matter, hoping to kill all preexisting microbes. presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. He then sealed the flasks…This suggested that microbes were introduced into these flasks from the air. It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching.  IMPORTANCE 6. Rudolf Virchow ( 1885 ) Used the theory that all cells arise from pre-existing cells to lay the groundwork for cellular pathology, or It serves a variety of purposes, making the study of disease at the cellular level. presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. His work made it more clear that diseases occur at the cellular level. His work led to scientists being able to diagnose diseases more accurately It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching.  IMPORTANCE 7. John Tyndall ( 1869 ) Irish physicist, best known for his work on the scattering of light by atmospheric particles and on It serves a variety of purposes, making the absorption of infrared radiation by gases. presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. He also did much to popularize science among laymen. It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching.  IMPORTANCE 8. Agostino Bassi ( 1834 ) Made an investigation of the silkworm disease which was causing serious economic losses in Italy and It serves a variety of purposes, making France. presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. He was able to demonstrate that the disease was contagious and was caused by a microscopic, parasitic fungus. It serves a variety of purposes, It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. tools for convincing and teaching.  IMPORTANCE 9. Joseph Lister ( 1827-1912 ) He successfully introduced carbolic acid ( now It serves a variety of purposes, making known as phenol ) to sterilize surgical instruments presentations powerful tools for and to clean wounds. convincing and teaching. Applying Louis Pasteur’s advances in microbiology, Lister championed the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic, so that it became the first widely used antiseptic in surgery. It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching.  THANKS YOU! No questions? Very Good! “Microbes are the silent warriors; these tiniest beings possess the strength to spark a revolution that can have monumental impacts in the world of science.” Grazhielle Mae T. William, RN