History Of Analytical Chemistry PDF

MODULE1: CHAPTER 3 HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY PB: Miroma R. Villacrusis – Instructor/Lecturer  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 1950’s This was a pretty dull field. pH meters and single wavelength spectrophotometers, and electrochemical techniques. L...

MODULE1: CHAPTER 3 HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY PB: Miroma R. Villacrusis – Instructor/Lecturer  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 1950’s This was a pretty dull field. pH meters and single wavelength spectrophotometers, and electrochemical techniques. Lots of titrations, gravimetric analysis. Some important work done to lay the theoretical groundwork. Data was primarily one dimensional. Experiment ====> Number  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 1960’s Invention of Gas Chromatography (GC) and Atomic Absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) - made trace analysis possible and reasonably easy. Analysis of ppm and ppb levels of metals and organics in the environment began. Text book triples in size. Scanning spectrophotometers became common. Thus data representations were now two dimensional. Experiment ===> Graph HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 1970’s Invention of liquid chromatography (LC) and the common use of mass spectrometry for analytical chemistry begins. GC and AAS reach new limits of sensitivity allowing part per trillion (ppt) trace analysis. Surface analysis of thin layers became common. Analytical chemistry is brought to bear on problems of the environment, energy, biological and physiological analysis. HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 1980’s  Continued strides in trace analysis and in identification of trace components through interfaced (hyphenated) methods eg. GC-MS, LC-MS, GC-IR, etc.  Computers appear to control instruments, manipulate data, and run experiments.  Robots appear to conduct complete analytical schemes.  Multidimensional data representations add new dimensions to data interpretation.  It becomes possible to detect single atoms of many substances.  Three dimensional data presentations become important (MS-MS and 2D NMR).  Experiment ===> 3D Graphic  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 1990’s Detection limits continue to drop to the point that one can begin to discuss detection of single atoms and molecules. Sample preparation is also a major focus as old, time consuming methods of solvent extraction are replaced with fast, automated procedures. Multi-channel analysis becomes the major thrust (e.g. 396 well plates, parallel analysis, etc.).  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2000’s While it's challenging to provide an exhaustive list of all the contributions of analytical chemistry specifically in the year 2000, highlights of some general trends and significant developments that occurred around that time are the following:  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2000’s  1. Advancements in Mass Spectrometry: The early 2000s witnessed significant progress in mass spectrometry, with improvements in sensitivity, resolution, and speed. This led to enhanced capabilities in the analysis of complex samples, including proteomics and metabolomics studies. 2. High-Throughput Screening Techniques: Analytical chemistry played a crucial role in the development of high- throughput screening techniques, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry. These methods allowed for the rapid screening of large compound libraries to identify potential drug candidates.  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2000’s  3. DNA Sequencing Technologies: The field of genomics saw notable advancements, including improvements in DNA sequencing technologies. Analytical techniques such as capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) played essential roles in DNA sequencing methods, contributing to the Human Genome Project's progress.  4. Hyphenated Techniques: The integration of different analytical techniques, known as hyphenated techniques, became more prevalent. For example, combining chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS, LC-MS) allowed for more comprehensive analysis of complex mixtures.  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2000’s 5. Microarray Technology: Analytical chemistry contributed to the development and application of microarray technology, enabling the simultaneous analysis of thousands of genes or proteins. This had a significant impact on genomics and proteomics research. 6. Biosensors and Bioanalytical Chemistry: Advances in biosensor technologies and bioanalytical techniques facilitated the rapid and sensitive detection of biological molecules. This had implications for medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety.  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2000’s 7. Environmental Monitoring and Analysis: Analytical chemistry played a key role in addressing environmental challenges. Techniques for monitoring pollutants, assessing air and water quality, and analyzing soil samples continued to evolve. 8. Chemometrics and Data Analysis: Analytical chemistry benefited from advancements in chemometrics, the application of statistical methods to analyze chemical data. Improved data analysis tools enhanced the interpretation of complex analytical results.  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2000’s 9. Miniaturization of Analytical Instruments: The trend towards miniaturization and the development of microfluidic devices improved portability and reduced sample and reagent consumption. This had applications in point-of-care diagnostics and field analysis. 10.Advancements in NMR Spectroscopy: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy continued to advance, providing valuable structural information for organic compounds, bio-macromolecules, and materials.  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2000’s  These contributions collectively underscored the role of analytical chemistry in addressing diverse scientific challenges, from understanding the molecular basis of life to developing more efficient and sensitive analytical tools for various applications. It's important to note that these trends and advancements represent a broader timeframe around the early 2000s rather than a specific year.  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2010’s  These are the highlights of some general trends and significant developments that occurred around the year 2010 and the impacts may extend beyond a specific calendar year. Here are some noteworthy contributions and trends in analytical chemistry around 2010 and onwards:  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2010’s 1. Advancements in Mass Spectrometry: Mass spectrometry continued to evolve, with improvements in resolution, sensitivity, and speed. The development of new ionization techniques, such as ambient ionization methods, expanded the applications of mass spectrometry in fields like metabolomics and lipidomics. 2. High-Resolution Chromatography: High-resolution chromatography techniques, such as ultra-high- performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), gained popularity. These techniques allowed for faster separations and improved peak resolution in complex samples.  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2010’s  3. Metabolomics and Systems Biology: Analytical chemistry played a crucial role in the development of metabolomics, the study of small molecules in biological systems. Advanced analytical techniques, including mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), were employed to profile and quantify metabolites, contributing to systems biology research.  4. Single-Cell Analysis Techniques: Analytical chemistry contributed to the development of techniques for analyzing individual cells. Single-cell mass spectrometry and single-cell RNA sequencing (transcriptomics) emerged as powerful tools for understanding cellular heterogeneity.  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2010’s 5. Advancements in Imaging Techniques: Analytical techniques for imaging at the molecular level, such as mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), continued to progress. These methods allowed for spatially resolved analysis of biomolecules in tissues. 6. Miniaturization and Portable Analytical Devices: There was a trend towards miniaturization and the development of portable analytical devices. Microfluidic devices and lab-on-a-chip technologies became more sophisticated, enabling on-site and point-of-care analyses.  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2010’s 7. Advances in Environmental Monitoring: Analytical chemistry contributed to improved methods for monitoring environmental contaminants. This included the development of sensors and analytical techniques for assessing air quality, water quality, and soil contamination. 8. Omics Integration: The integration of different omics approaches, such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, became more common. Analytical chemistry played a crucial role in combining these techniques to provide a more comprehensive understanding of biological systems.  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2010’s 9. Bioanalytical Applications in Pharmaceuticals: Analytical chemistry continued to play a vital role in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in bioanalytical applications. This included the development of sensitive methods for quantifying drugs and their metabolites in biological samples. 10.Advancements in Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic techniques, including infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, saw advancements in sensitivity and resolution. These techniques found applications in materials science, pharmaceuticals, and biological research.  HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: 2010’s These contributions collectively highlight the dynamic and diverse role of analytical chemistry in addressing scientific challenges and advancing various fields of research and technology around the 2010 timeframe.  As with any field, advancements build upon previous progress, and developments often have a cumulative impact over several years. "The capacity to learn is a gift; the ability to learn is To Be a skill; the willingness to Continued learn is a choice." …... - Brian Herbert  ASSIGNMENT #1 What are the developments/advancements of Analytical Chemistry in the year 2020 - 2024? This is your ASSIGNMENT to be written on a SHORT Bond Paper. Due NEXT MEETING! Don’t Forget to write your REFERENCES!