Unit 1: Introduction To Cloud Computing PDF

Unit 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing (6 Hrs.)  Evolution of Cloud Computing.  Characteristics of Cloud Computing.  Types of cloud (Deployment Models) and its Cloud services.  Benefits and challenges of cloud computing.  Applications of cloud computing.  Cloud S...

Unit 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing (6 Hrs.)  Evolution of Cloud Computing.  Characteristics of Cloud Computing.  Types of cloud (Deployment Models) and its Cloud services.  Benefits and challenges of cloud computing.  Applications of cloud computing.  Cloud Storage.  Cloud services requirements.  Cloud and dynamic infrastructure.  Cloud adoption.  Overview of cloud computing:  Cloud :- "The cloud" refers to servers that are accessed over the Internet, and the software and databases that run on those servers. Cloud servers are located in data centers all over the world. By using cloud computing, users and companies do not have to manage physical servers themselves or run software applications on their own machines.  Cloud :-The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that Cloud is something, which is present at remote location. Cloud can provide services over public and private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.  Cloud computing:-Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct active management by the user. Large clouds often have functions distributed over multiple locations, each location being a data center. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and typically using a "pay-as-you-go" model which can help in reducing capital expenses but may also lead to unexpected operating expenses for unaware users.  Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the hardware and software resources remotely. It offers online data storage, infrastructure, and application.  Evolution of cloud computing: Cloud computing is all about renting computing services. This idea first came in the 1950s. In making cloud computing what it is today, five technologies played a vital role. These are distributed systems and its peripherals, virtualization, web 2.0, service orientation, and utility computing.  Distributed computing:-It is a composition of multiple independent systems but all of them are depicted as a single entity to the users. The purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and also use them effectively and efficiently. Distributed systems possess characteristics such as scalability, concurrency, continuous availability, heterogeneity, and independence in failures. But the main problem with this system was that all the systems were required to be present at the same geographical location. Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing led to three more types of computing and they were-Mainframe computing, cluster computing, and grid computing.  Mainframe computing:-Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful and reliable computing machines. These are responsible for handling large data such as massive input-output operations. Even today these are used for bulk processing tasks such as online transactions etc. These systems have almost no downtime with high fault tolerance. After distributed computing, these increased the processing capabilities of the system. But these were very expensive. To reduce this cost, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe technology.  Cluster computing: In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe computing. Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network with high bandwidth. These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems. These were equally capable of high computations. Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it was required. Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some extent but the problem related to geographical restrictions still pertained. To solve this, the concept of grid computing was introduced.  Grid computing:-In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that different systems were placed at entirely different geographical locations and these all were connected via the internet. These systems belonged to different organizations and thus the grid consisted of heterogeneous nodes. Although it solved some problems but new problems emerged as the distance between the nodes increased. The main problem which was  encountered was the low availability of high bandwidth connectivity and with it other network associated issues. Thus. cloud computing is often referred to as “Successor of grid computing”.  Virtualization: It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of creating a virtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run multiple instances simultaneously on the hardware. It is a key technology used in cloud computing. It is the base on which major cloud computing services such as Amazon EC2, VMware Cloud, etc work on. Hardware virtualization is still one of the most common types of virtualization.  Web2.0: It is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the clients. It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web pages. It also increases flexibility among web pages. Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc. Needless to say, social media is possible because of this technology only. In gained major popularity in 2004.  Service orientation:-It acts as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-cost, flexible, and evolvable applications. Two important concepts were introduced in this computing model. These were Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes the SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Software as a Service (SaaS).  Utility computing:-It is a computing model that defines service provisioning techniques for services such as compute services along with other major services such as storage, infrastructure, etc which are provisioned on a pay-per-use basis.  Characteristics of Cloud Computing:  Resources Pooling  It means that the Cloud provider pulled the computing resources to provide services to multiple customers with the help of a multi-tenant model. There are different physical and virtual resources assigned and reassigned which depends on the demand of the customer. The customer generally has no control or information over the location of the provided resources but is able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction  On-Demand Self-Service  It is one of the important and valuable features of Cloud Computing as the user can continuously monitor the server uptime, capabilities, and allotted network storage. With this feature, the user can also monitor the computing capabilities.  Measured Service  Cloud computing resources used to monitor and the company uses it for recording. This resource utilization is analyzed by supporting charge-per-use capabilities.This means that the  resource usages which can be either virtual server instances that are running in the cloud are getting monitored measured and reported by the service provider. The model pay as you go is variable based on actual consumption of the manufacturing organization.  Broad network accesses  Cloud computing is achieved through standard computing mechanisms, and this feature helps promote heterogeneous thick and thin client platforms. Examples of such platforms comprise mobile phones, laptops, dedicated workstations, and tablets. The capabilities are delivered across multiple networks. Cloud computing, therefore, helps break barriers and boundaries as they function across multiple geographies.  Rapid Elasticity: The next essential characteristic to cover is Rapid Elasticity. The definition of this from the NIST is “Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.” Examples: Say that 10 servers are required for a three month project. With cloud services the company can provision them within minutes, pay a small monthly OpEx fee to run them rather than a large upfront CapEx cost, and decommission them at the end of the three months with no further charge.  Types of cloud (Deployment Models) and its Cloud services (reference model)  Types of cloud computing are:  1. Private Cloud  The infrastructure is operated solely for an organization; it may be managed by the organizationor a third party and may exist on or off the premises of the organization. It is also referred to as ‘corporate’ or ‘internal’ Cloud, term used to denote a proprietary computing architecture providing hosted services on private networks.  A private cloud could provide the computing resources needed for a large organization, e.g., a research institution, a university, or a corporation. There are some arguments that a private cloud does not support utility computing when the user pays as it consumes resources.  Undertaking a private cloud project requires a significant level and degree of engagement to virtualize the business environment, and it will require the organization to reevaluate decisions about existing resources. When it is done right, it can have a positive impact on a business, but every one of the steps in the project raises security issues that must be addressed in order to avoid serious vulnerabilities. Advantages:  Security. Your data and applications remain behind your firewall and are accessible only to your enterprise—making private clouds better suited for processing or storing sensitivedata.  Potentially lower TCO ( Total Cost of ownership)  Greater control and customization. Fit your servers to your enterprise’s preferences.  Flexibility. Ability to move non-sensitive data to a public cloud to accommodate suddenbursts of demand on your private cloud. Disadvantages:  Higher costs. Increased initial charges and the need to repay costs of the equipment you purchase.  Responsibility. For operating and maintaining your own data center, IT hardware, andenterprise software—as well as your own security and compliance. Public Cloud  The infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. It is also referred to as ‘external’ Cloud that describes the conventional meaning of Cloud computing: scalable, dynamically provisioned, often virtualized resources available over the internet from an off-site third-party provider, which divides up resources and bills its customers on a ‘utility’ basis.  Public cloud applications, storage, and other resources are made available to the general public by a service provider. These services are free or offered on a pay-per-use model. Generally, public cloud service providers like Amazon AWS, Microsoft and Google own and operate the infrastructure and offer access only via Internet (direct connectivity is not offered Advantages:  Scalability (both up and down). Almost unlimited due to on-demand cloud resources.  Lower capital expenditure (capex). You don’t need to purchase all your own data center equipment.  Reliability. Due to services distributed across multiple data centers. Disadvantages:  Less control over data security. You never know where—and under what geographic or other restrictions—your data is operating.  Higher operational expenditure: As you scale performance, your cost-per-hour fees rise. Hybrid Cloud  Hybrid cloud combines and unifies public cloud (such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) or Microsoft Azure), private cloud and on-premises infrastructure to create a single, flexible, cost-optimal IT infrastructure.  A hybrid cloud—sometimes called a cloud hybrid—is a computing environment that combines an on-premises datacenter (also called a private cloud) with a public cloud, allowing data and applications to be shared between them. Some people define hybrid cloud to include “multicloud” configurations where an organization uses more than one public cloud in additionto their on-premises datacenter.  When computing and processing demand increases beyond an on-premises datacenter’s capabilities, businesses can use the cloud to instantly scale capacity up or down to handle excess capacity. It also allows them to avoid the time and cost of purchasing, installing, and maintaining new servers that they may not always need.  Hybrid clouds lack the flexibility, security and certainty of in-house applications. Hybrid cloud provides the flexibility of in-house applications with the fault tolerance and scalability of cloud-based services. Advantages of Hybrid Cloud Cost  Cost is an important point to consider when migrating to a cloud solution. Private cloud services are relatively expensive on default. On the contrary, the Public solutions are the cheapest. UsingHybrid cloud means that you could easily acquire the benefits of Public cloud solutions while using Private cloud for data. Therefore, organizations can be benefited from both in infrastructure and application support in terms of expense. Reliability  Hybrid cloud services offer greater reliability since it reduces potential downtimes. This means that in case of any failure or disaster, the businesses can continue their operations with minimum interruptions. Deployment  Hybrid cloud is designed according to the need of organizations (Optimization process). It is a part of both Public and Private Cloud services. Therefore, in order for making data transfers faster, the IT employees can minimize latency.  Scalability  Hybrid cloud is known for their adaption to organization's needs. Many of the operations that seems to be non-critical can be moved to the Public cloud while lowering the demand for the Private one. Hence, clients can be benefited from the scalability provided by the Public cloud service. Moreover businesses can scale its resources up and down according to the way they need. Due to this they can take advantage of unlimited resources. Flexibility  Using Hybrid cloud means that the organizations can acquire the benefit of both Public and Private cloud services. Hence, each distinct need comes up with variety of options. For an example you can use Hybrid cloud to store sensitive and confidential data on a Private cloud data center while others on a Public cloud. Agility  The customization ability of a Hybrid cloud ensures that the company is agile enough to fulfill the client's needs. Apart from doing the work of connecting old systems to new ones, the Hybrid cloud has the capability to create an underlying structure that compromise business demands. Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud Security  Security is a common concern for users who wants to load confidential information’s into a Hybrid cloud. Due to the nature of Hybrid cloud, many security vulnerabilities are present inside them. Therefore, ensuring adequate security is a difficult process. In fact the responsibility of securing the data completely lies upon the users. Proper precautionary measurements have to be taken to ensure that the data is well protected. Visibility  Maintaining visibility over a hybrid cloud service is a complicated process to carry out. Because of this reasons there can be cost issues since there are more idle instances. In addition to that there can be incompliance with certain important regulations. Compatibility  Cloud compatibility has found to be another issue for a Hybrid cloud environment. Especially with the infrastructures. An on-premise infrastructure can perform more than the Public infrastructure. This can affect the performance level of the Hybrid cloud severely. Networking  Network bottlenecks can occur when there is a data transmission between the Public and Private Cloud models. Always in the Public cloud, the data transmission is done through the Public internet. Public internet is known for being too slow where it can affect the performance level significantly. Especially for apps and functions that require fast operations. Control Lack of control is always been an issue for the users using the hybrid cloud. In order for making operations smoother, there must be interactions between the Public and Private cloud models. In other words you need to make changes over a Private infrastructure so that it can be adapted to the Public cloud. The problem is the users have no control over this. 4. Community Cloud  Community Cloud is a hybrid form of private cloud. They are multi-tenant platforms that enable different organizations to work on a shared platform.  A community cloud in computing is a collaborative effort in which infrastructure is shared between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally.  The purpose of this concept is to allow multiple customers to work on joint projects and applications that belong to the community, where it is necessary to have a centralized cloud infrastructure. In other words, Community Cloud is a distributed infrastructure that solves the specific issues of business sectors by integrating the services provided by different types of cloud solutions.  The communities involved in these projects, such as tenders, business organizations, and research companies, focus on similar issues in their cloud interactions. Their shared interests may include concepts and policies related to security and compliance considerations, and the goals of the project as well.  Community Cloud computing facilitates its users to identify and analyze their business demands better. Community Cloud may be hosted in a data center owned by one of the tenants, or by a third-party cloud services provider and can be either on-site or off-site.  Advantages of Community Clouds  Openness and Impartiality  Flexibility and Scalability  High Availability and Reliability  Convenience and Control  Less Work for the IT Department  Environment Sustainability  Best for research Disadvantages of Community Clouds  Security is poor.  Need training to work on products  Chances of data steal. Cloud Services (Reference model)  The services given by the service provider to the customers or users through cloud computing technology are said cloud services. Service Provider’s server gives both the hardware and software necessary and thus easy in management for both user and the cloud service provider.  Cloud computing providers offer their services according to three fundamental models:  Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)  Platform as a Service (PaaS)  Software as a Service (SaaS)  SaaS (Software as a Service)  SaaS gives users the capability to use applications supplied by the service provider but allows no control of the platform or the infrastructure.  Used by End User.  SaaS platforms are:  Available over the internet.  Hosted on a remote server by a third-party provider.  Scalable, with different tiers for small, medium, and enterprise-level businesses.  Inclusive, offering security, compliance, and maintenance as part of the cost. PaaS (Platform as a Service)  PaaS gives the capability to deploy consumer-created or acquired applications using programming languages and tools supported by the provider.  Developed by Developers  PaaS platforms are:  Accessible by multiple users.  Scalable – you can choose from various tiers of resources to suit the size of your business.  Built on virtualization technology.  Easy to run without extensive system administration knowledge. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)  IaaS gives users cloud-based alternatives to on-premise infrastructure, so businesses can avoid investing in expensive on-site resources.   IaaS allows the user to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications.  Network Architecture.  IaaS businesses offer services such as pay-as-you-go storage, networking, and virtualization.  IaaS platforms are:  Highly flexible and highly scalable.  Accessible by multiple users.  Cost-effective.  Benefits of cloud computing  Cost Savings  Security  Flexibility  Mobility  Increased Collaboration  Disaster Recovery  Loss Prevention  Automatic Software Updates  Sustainability Cost Savings:  Once you're on the cloud, easy access to your company's data will save time and money in project startups. And, for those who are worried that they'll end up paying for features that theyneither need nor want, most cloud-computing services are pay as you go.  The pay-as-you-go system also applies to the data storage space needed to service your stakeholders and clients, which means that you'll get exactly as much space as you need, and not be charged for any space that you don't. Security:  The security is the encryption of data being transmitted over networks and stored in databases. By using encryption, information is less accessible by hackers or anyone not authorized to view your data. As an added security measure, with most cloud-based services, different security settings can be set based on the user. Flexibility:  The assets of business can be accessed from anywhere and anytime by customers without any fail. Also, The IT personnel can easily handle the organization’s infrastructure being from outside network. Mobility:  Cloud computing allows mobile access to corporate data via smartphones and other network devices. The Staff with busy schedules, or who live a long way away from the corporate office,can use this feature to keep instantly up to date with clients and co-worker. Through the cloud, freelance employees, or remote employees can be easily access the organizations resources or information from outside the network for better work-life balance. Increased Collaboration:  If your business has two employees or more, then you should be making collaboration a top priority. Cloud computing makes collaboration a simple process. Team members can view and share information easily and securely across a cloud-based platform. Some cloud-based services even provide collaborative social spaces to connect employees across your organization, therefore increasing interest and engagement. Collaboration may be possible  without a cloud-computing solution, but it will never be as easy, nor as effective. Disaster Recovery:  One of the factors that contribute to the success of a business is control. Unfortunately, no matter how in control your organization may be when it comes to its own processes, there will always be things that are completely out of your control, and in today's market, even a small amount of unproductive downtime can have a resoundingly negative effect. Downtime in your services leads to lost productivity, revenue, and brand reputation. Loss Prevention:  If your organization isn't investing in a cloud-computing solution, then all of your valuable data is inseparably tied to the office computers it resides in. This may not seem like a problem, but the reality is that if your local hardware experiences a problem, you might end up permanently losing your data. This is a more common problem than you might realize computers can malfunction for many reasons, from virus, age-related hardware deterioration, to simple user error. If you aren't on the cloud, you're at risk of losing all the information you had saved locally. With a cloud-based server, however, all the information you've uploaded to the cloud remainssafe and easily accessible from any computer with an internet connection, even if the computer you regularly use isn't working Automatic Software Updates:  For those who have a lot to get done, there isn't anything more irritating than having to wait for system updates to be installed. Cloud-based applications automatically refresh and update themselves, instead of forcing an IT department to perform a manual organization-wide update.This saves valuable IT staff time and money spent on outside IT consultation. Sustainability:  Given the current state of the environment, it's no longer enough for organizations to place a recycling bin in the break room and claim that they're doing their part to help the planet. Real sustainability requires solutions that address wastefulness at every level of a business. Hosting on the cloud is more environmentally friendly and results in less of a carbon footprint.  Cloud infrastructures support environmental proactivity, powering virtual services rather than physical products and hardware, and cutting down on paper waste, improving energy efficiency, and (given that it allows employees access from anywhere with an internet connection) reducing commuter-related emissions. A Pike Research report predicted data center energy consumption will drop by 31% from 2010 to 2020 based on the adoption of cloudcomputing and other virtual data options.  Challenges of cloud computing  Challenges to cloud adoption come in all shapes, sizes and severities, depending on the organization. There is no definitive list of challenges occurring on cloud. Some of the following are the concerns and challenges we hear most often: Making the correct choice:  It seems that anything today in cloud is available as a-a-S (as a service). It’s easier to narrow down when you know the business requirements you need to meet. Every cloud strategy begins with the business strategy and a determination of the risk/reward of various choices. Business case first, cloud implementation last. Loss of Control:  It’s tough letting go. This is not always a matter of security either. Entrusting a third party to be a responsible, honest and reliable business partner (and one for which you are being held accountable) is a cause of frequent loss for some. As Crucial data are at third party han Vendor Lock-in:  Even if you’re already using the cloud you still would like to have control over your data and be able to switch service providers freely. Ensuring data portability is essential, as is understanding the data ownership and retrieval policies of the provider. Security and Compliance:  At the end of the day, there may be some data or applications that your organization will never feel comfortable letting out of sight. However, this is also an area of intense focus by some service providers because the demand is so great, and it’s a major point of competitive differentiation. Security and compliance are more over a cloud service provider issue. Some will excel at providing it, some will dabble in it, and others will not have it in their business model. Availability and Reliability:  As with security, availability and reliability are a service provider issue. There is no question that delivering on a SLA requires a commitment to best practices, a thoroughly redundant architecture, 24/7/365 staffing by trained and experience technicians, and top-flight hardware, software and network products. For example, the cloud service provider should provide the guarantee for 100 percent uptime for critical infrastructure, spelled out clearly in our service level agreements. Lack of Skills, Knowledge and Expertise:  It’s different in the cloud, and many IT organizations may not have the necessary tools or resources to implement, monitor and manage cloud solutions. It’s not what they are geared to do. Educating staff about new processes and tool sets, or hiring staff with new skills, may be necessary … increasingly so as more of your operations and applications move to the cloud over time. Selecting the right service provider will definitely help ease the transition and fill gaps. Performance and Bandwidth Cost:  Businesses can save money on system acquisitions, management and maintenance, but they may have to spend more for the bandwidth. For smaller applications this is not  usually an issue, but cost can be high for the data-intensive applications. Delivering and receiving intensive and complex data over the network requires sufficient bandwidth to stave off latency and application time outs. Integration with Existing Infrastructure:  This is a difficult yet essential piece of maximizing the value of cloud services. Frankly, it must be addressed. For many IT departments this challenge already exists within their organizations in the form of shadow IT and BYOD. Further, the incremental gains that result from Introducing discreet cloud services into an organization will never achieve what a well-integrated environment can deliver. Developing a cohesive strategy is paramount, an effort that will be aided greatly by a governance strategy, first at the corporate level and then within IT.  Applications cloud computing  Nowadays cloud computing is being used in almost all industries. It has a wide application. Some of the followings are the real-time applications of cloud computing. Online Data Storage  Organizations have a lot of data to store and with time the size of this data increases. This datacan be in any format like text, image, audio, or video. Now, in order to store and maintain this huge amount of data, organizations are no longer needed to set physical storage systems. They can use Clouds to store their data. In order to store data, two storage options are available:  Hot Storage: The data which needs to be accessed right away or very frequently is stored in this storage.  Cold Storage: The data which does not require fast access or frequent accessis stored in cold storage.  The cloud provider gives the option for data redundancy, i.e., a copy of data is stored at different places. It can be a different server or data center or even a different geographic location. The reason for this redundant storage option is to provide safety against data and to provide flexibility in accessing the data. Testing and Development  After the development of a product, testing plays a major role in finalizing it for deployment. Before the final delivery, a product needs to be tested properly. It must be tested on different machines with different infrastructures because the end-user of that product can be anywhere. It also must be tested for load balancing. Load balancing- How the performance of a product affects when a large number of users use it simultaneously. To accomplish such tasks testing requires different IT resources and different computer infrastructures. Now, A cloud can provide these testing features at one place where an organizations can easily test the performance of their product on the cloud against a large number of users. Cloud Computing in Medical Fields  In the medical field also, cloud computing is doing wonders. It is used to store data of patients and helps to access it over the internet without any need of the physical computer set up to trace the previous records, or even doesn’t need the paperwork. In case of emergencies, the patient’sdata can be accessed remotely from anywhere rather than waiting till they get access to information from the hospital computer.  Big Data analysis  Big Data analysis involves dealing with huge amounts of data having sizes from terabytes to zettabytes (known as big data). Now for any traditional database management system, it is very difficult to maintain this amount of data. Cloud Computing allows us to store large data sets that include structured, and unstructured data, from different sources, and in different sizes from terabytes to zettabytes. Not only the storage, it also provides us various tools in order to do theanalysis on this big data.  The flexibility of the cloud makes it a good choice for big data analytics. Organizations will have a major financial advantage by using the cloud because it is much cheaper than the traditional large-scale big data resources. Entertainment Applications Today we get a lot of entertainment content on the internet, let it be Netflix web series episodes,online games, or YouTube videos. This data is widely used by users from almost all parts of theworld. It is also very necessary to provide a great customer experience. So that this content is available on- demand. For this, the entertainment companies reach their customers through a multi-cloud strategy. With the help of the cloud, the entertainment industry is reaching newheights. Social Network Platforms  Social network platforms play an important role in day-to-day life. They have changed the way of communication and interaction. These platforms have a large number of users across the globe and this makes them ideal candidates for cloud computing adaptation. Social media sites contain heavy multimedia content like images and videos and they are capable of making the whole network slow, here cloud storage comes into play. Cloud storage helps social media applications to run smoothly. Anti-virus Applications  Nowadays we have cloud-based antivirus solutions which perform better than traditional antivirus software. The main reason behind this is – Cloud-based antivirus stores malware information on the cloud rather than on the user system. Traditional antivirus software is used to store malware information on the user system itself which can adversely affect the performance of the user’s system. Accounting Application  Cloud-based accounting applications help an organization to manage their business accountingand finances in less time, effort, expense, and labor. It allows businesses to manage their finances from anywhere in the world without compromising on the security of data.  Cloud-based accounting applications or software are scalable because now companies can expand their workforce without investing in the infrastructure. Cloud makes this software easy to upgrade because now we do not have to worry about our system specifications and resources.  Cloud Storage  Cloud storage is a cloud computing model that stores data on the Internet through a cloudcomputing provider who manages and operates data storage as a service.  It’s delivered on demand with just-in-time capacity and costs, and eliminates buying andmanaging your own data storage infrastructure.  This gives you agility, global scale and durability, with “anytime, anywhere” data access.  Cloud Storage Requirements  Durability. Data should be redundantly stored, ideally across multiple facilities and multiple devices in each facility. Natural disasters, human error, or mechanical faults should not result in data loss.  Availability. All data should be available when needed, but there is a difference between production data and archives. The ideal cloud storage will deliver the right balance of retrievaltimes and cost.  Security. All data is ideally encrypted, both at rest and in transit. Permissions and access controls should work just as well in the cloud as they do for on premises storage. Types of Cloud Storage  There are three types of cloud data storage: object storage, file storage, and block storage.Each offers their own advantages and have their own use cases: 1. Object Storage –  Applications developed in the cloud often take advantage of object storage's vast scalability and metadata characteristics. Object storage solutions like Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) are ideal for building modern applications from scratch that require scale and flexibility, and can also be used to import existing data stores for analytics, backup, or archive. 2. File Storage –  Some applications need to access shared files and require a file system. This type of storage is often supported with a Network Attached Storage (NAS) server. File storage solutions like Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) are ideal for use cases like large content repositories, development environments, media stores, or user home directories. 3. Block Storage –  Other enterprise applications like databases or ERP systems often require dedicated, low latency storage for each host. This is analogous to direct-attached storage (DAS) or a Storage Area Network (SAN). Block-based cloud storage solutions like Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) are provisioned with each virtual server and offer the ultra- low latency required for highperformance workloads.  Cloud services requirements   Cloud and dynamic infrastructure Cloud infrastructure:  Cloud infrastructure is a term used to describe the components needed for cloud computing, which includes hardware, abstracted resources, storage, and network resources. Think of cloud infrastructure as the tools needed to build a cloud. In order to host services and applications inthe cloud, you need cloud infrastructure.  How does cloud infrastructure work?  An abstraction technology or process—like virtualization—is used to separate resources fromphysical hardware and pool them into clouds; automation software and management tools allocate these resources and provision new environments so users can access what they need—when they need it.  Components of cloud infrastructure Hardware  Although you probably think of clouds as being virtual, they require hardware as part of theinfrastructure.  A cloud network is made up of a variety of physical hardware that can be located at multiplegeographical locations.  The hardware includes networking equipment, like switches, routers, firewalls, and loadbalancers, storage arrays, backup devices, and servers.  Virtualization  Virtualization connects the servers together, dividing and abstracting resources to make themaccessible to users.  Virtualization is technology that separates IT services and functions from hardware.  Software called a hypervisor sits on top of physical hardware and abstracts the machine'sresources, such as memory, computing power, and storage.  Once these virtual resources are allocated into centralized pools they’re considered clouds.  With clouds, you get the benefits of self-service access, automated infrastructure scaling, anddynamic resource pools. Storage  Within a single datacenter, data may be stored across many disks in a single storage array. Storage management ensures data is correctly being backed up, that outdated backups are removed regularly, and that data is indexed for retrieval in case any storage component fails.  Virtualization abstracts storage space from hardware systems so that it can be accessed by usersas cloud storage.  When storage is turned into a cloud resource, you can add or remove drives, repurpose hardware, and respond to change without manually provisioning separate storage servers for every new initiative. Network  The network is composed of physical wires, switches, routers, and other equipment. Virtual networks are created on top of these physical resources.  A typical cloud network configuration is composed of multiple subnetworks, each with varying levels of visibility. The cloud permits the creation of virtual local area networks (VLANs) and assigns static and/or dynamic addresses as needed for all network resources. The cloud resources are delivered to users over a network, such as the internet or an intranet, so you can access cloud services or apps remotely on demand   Dynamic infrastructure  Dynamic Infrastructure is an information technology concept related to the design of data centers, whereby the underlying hardware and software can respond dynamically and more efficiently to changing the levels of demands. In other words, data center assets such as storage and processing power can be provisioned (made available) to meet surges in user needs.  Dynamic Infrastructures take advantages of intelligence gained across the network. By design, every dynamic infrastructure is service-oriented and focused on supporting and enabling the end users in a highly responsive way. It can utilize alternative sourcing approaches like cloud computing to deliver new services with agility and speed. 1. Service management:  This type of special facility or functionality is provided to the cloud IT services by the cloud service providers. This facility includes visibility, automation and control to delivering the first class IT services. 2. Asset-Management:  In this the assets or the property which is involved in providing the cloud services are getting managed. 3. Virtualization and consolidation:  Consolidation is an effort to reduce the cost of a technology by improving its operating efficiency and effectiveness. It means migrating from large number of resources to fewer one, which is done by virtualization technology. 4. Information Infrastructure:  It helps the business organizations to achieve the following: Information compliance, availabilityof resources retention and security objectives. 5. Energy-Efficiency:  Here the IT infrastructure or organization sustainable. It means it is not likely to damage or effectany other thing. 6. Security:  This cloud infrastructure is responsible for the risk management. Risk management Refers to therisks involved in the services which are being provided by the cloud-service providers. 7. Resilience:  This infrastructure provides the feature of resilience means the services are resilient. It means theinfrastructure is safe from all sides. The IT operations will not be easily get affected  Cloud adoption  Cloud adoption is a strategy used by organizations enterprises to improve the scalability of Internet-based database capabilities while reducing cost and risk.  Cloud adoption may be up to various degrees in an organization, depending on the depth of adoption. In fact, the depth of adoption yields insight into the maturity of best practices, enterprise-ready cloud services availability.  Benefits of this strategy include the ability to store privileged data in the private cloud while leveraging the technological resources from the public cloud to run applications relying on privatedata.  Organizations that go ahead with the strategic decision of adopting cloud-based technologies have to identify potential security thefts and controls, required to keep the data and applications in the cloud secured. Hence there is a need for compliance assessment during cloud adoption. The following measures are taken for compliance assessment to ensure security and accountability of data and applications in the cloud services:  Matching the security requirements of the organization with the security capabilities of thecloud service provider  Analyzing the security policies of the cloud service provider along with history of transparency and security related practices  Proper understanding of the technical aspects of data and traffic flow  Proper understanding and documentation of the roles and responsibilities of the cloudservice provider  Understanding of the certifications and compliances that can be leveraged from the cloudservice provider  Benefits of this strategy include the ability to store privileged data in the private cloud while leveraging the technological resources from the public cloud to run applications relying on privatedata. 