Unit 1 BXE 2024 Pattern Electronics PDF

# Passive and Active Components ## Passive Components - Cannot transfer direct current electricity into alternating current electricity. - Cannot amplify electrical signals. - Examples: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Diodes ## Active Components - Transform direct current energy into alternating...

# Passive and Active Components ## Passive Components - Cannot transfer direct current electricity into alternating current electricity. - Cannot amplify electrical signals. - Examples: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Diodes ## Active Components - Transform direct current energy into alternating current energy. - Amplify electrical signals. - Examples: Transistors, Thyristors, Triacs, Integrated Circuits ## Difference Between Active and Passive Components | Feature | Active Component | Passive Component | |----------------------|-------------------|--------------------| | External Power | Required | Not Required | | Power Amplification | Yes | No | | Power Loss | Low | High | | Current Direction | One way | Both Ways | | Examples | Diodes, Transistors, SCRs | Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors | | Switching Capability | Yes | No | | Semiconductor Device | Yes | No | # Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor | S.No | Intrinsic Semiconductor | Extrinsic Semiconductor | N-type Semiconductor | P-type Semiconductor | |------|--------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------|-----------------------| | 1 | Pure form | Doped with impurities | Pentavalent impurity | Trivalent impurity | | 2 | Change Carriers from thermal agitation | Change Carriers from impurities and thermal agitation | Pentavalent impurity from group V | Trivalent impurity from group III | | 3 | Low Conductivity | High Conductivity | Provides Extra Electrons | Provides Extra Holes | | 4 | Low Operating Temperature | High Operating Temperature | Electrons are majority carriers | Holes are majority carriers | | 5 | Fermi Level Lies Between Conduction and Valence Band | Fermi level lies closer to conduction band in n-type and valence band in p-type | Example: Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth | Example: Aluminium, Indium, Galliumn | # Diode, P-N Junction, Semiconductor - Active component used for rectification. - Consists of two electrodes, anode and cathode. - P-N junction forms a semiconductor diode. - P-type semiconductor has hole majority carriers. - N-type semiconductor has electron majority carriers. - Anode is on the P-side and cathode is on the N-side. ## Biasing of A P-N Junction Diode - **Forward Bias**: Anode is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the cathode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. - **Reverse Bias**: Anode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery and the cathode is connected to the positive terminal of the battery. ## V-I Characteristics of a P-N Junction Diode - **Forward Characteristics**: Current flows through the diode when forward biased. - **Reverse Characteristics**: Current does not flow through the diode when reverse biased. ## LED (Light Emitting Diode) - P-N junction diode operated in forward bias. - Emits Light when forward biased. - Converts electrical energy to light energy. - Color emitted depends on the semiconductor material used: - Gallium Arsenide - Gallium Phosphide - Gallium Arsenide Phosphide - Works on the principle of electroluminescence. ## Photodiode - Operates in reverse bias below breakdown voltage. - Converts light energy into electrical energy. - Used to detect and convert light energy. # Impact of Electronics in Society - Mobile phones - Personal computers, laptops, etc - TVs and radios - Medical electronics (ECG) - Audio systems (Sterio amplifiers, record players) - Line communication (Telegraphy, Telephony, Telex, Teleprinters) - Defense systems (RADAR, Guided Missiles) # Impact of Electronics in Industry - Mechatronics, CAD, CNC, Remote sensing and controlling systems, Inspection, and quality control instruments. # Rectifiers - An electronic device that converts alternating current to pulsating direct current. - Types: - Half wave rectifier - Full wave rectifier - Center tapped rectifier - Bridge type rectifier - **Parameters**: - Peak Inverse voltage (PIV): Maximum voltage that can be reversed without damaging the diode. - Ripple Factor: Ratio of RMS value of AC component to DC component in load. - Rectification efficiency: Ratio of DC output power to AC input power. - Transformer utilization factor: Ratio of DC power delivered to load to AC rating of transformer. - Ripple frequency: Number of ripple pulses per second. # Comparison of Rectifier Circuits | Parameter | Half wave rectifier | Full wave rectifier | Bridge rectifier | |----------------------|-------------------|-------------------|--------------------| | No. of Diodes | 1 | 2 | 4 | | Average DC Current | Im | 2Im | 2Im | | Average DC Voltage | Esm | 2Esm | 2Esm | | RMS Current | Im | Im | Im | | DC Power Output | Im²RL | 4/πIm²RL | 4/πIm²RL | | AC Power Input | Im²(RL+R_f+R_S) | Im²(RL+R_f) | Im²(2R_f+R_L) | | Maximum Rectifier Efficiency | 40.6% | 81.2% | 81.2% | | Ripple Factor | 4/π1 | 0.482 | 0.482 | | Maximum Load Current | Esm | Esm | Esm | | Pivrating of Diode | Esm | 2Esm | Esm | | Ripple Frequency | 50 Hz | 100 Hz | 100 Hz | | TUF | 0.287 | 0.693 | 0.812 | # Half Wave Rectifier - During positive half-cycle, diode is forward biased and conducts, so diode is on. - During negative half-cycle, diode is reverse biased and does not conduct, so diode is off. # Full Wave Rectifier - **Center-Tapped rectifier** - During positive half-cycle, diode D1 is forward biased and D2 is reversed biased. - During negative half-cycle, diode D2 is forward biased and D1 is reversed biased. - **Bridge rectifier** - During positive half-cycle, diodes D1 and D2 conduct. - During negative half-cycle, diodes D3 and D4 conduct.