Unit 1 & 2 Biology Notes PDF

Note: Mostly overviews will - get into it deeper later Unit 1: Introduction to Biology, Anatomy and Physiology Biology: Study of all living things Anatomy: study of physical structures within organisms Physiology: Study of how physical structure functions Organization of Living things - Genetic...

Note: Mostly overviews will - get into it deeper later Unit 1: Introduction to Biology, Anatomy and Physiology Biology: Study of all living things Anatomy: study of physical structures within organisms Physiology: Study of how physical structure functions Organization of Living things - Genetic variation (creates diversity) is especially important for the survival of populations of living things. Ex: If a bacteria organism has all the same genetic, like clones of one another, when antibacterial is added, all of them will die. If it has genetic variation, even if one survives, it can reproduce, making large a large population again. o 8.7 million species known in earth All organisms can be categorized into 6 kingdoms based on characteristics: o single-celled like or multi-cellular o prokaryotic (simple) or eukaryotic (complex) o Environment o Movement o how energy is acquired ❖ Know them and try to have at least one example for each  Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plants, or Animals. - Archaea and Bacteria: oldest and simplest (prokaryotic) o Separated because of environment: Archaea can live in extreme temperatures with lots of salt o Ex of Archaea: Thermophiles, Ex of Bacteria: Photosynthetic bacteria - Protist: Complex (eukaryotic). Single-celled. Some are like animals and fungi. and others are like plants because of how they get energy. Ex: Algae - Animals and Fungi get energy by eating or absorbing. Multicellular. o Ex of Fungi: yeast - Plants get energy by photosynthesis by the sun. Multicellular. Organization of the Human Body ❖ Know the Anatomical Terms: Directional terms, Body planes, Body cavities, Abdominopelvic Regions, Abdominopelvic quadrants. Used to precisely talk about the human body. Tells where in the body. Directional Terms Superior: above, over, toward the head Inferior: below, under, further from the head Anterior: in front, toward the front of the body Posterior: behind, toward the back of the body Proximal: closer to the attachment point of a limb to the trunk Distal: further from the attachment point of a limb to the trunk Medial: toward the midline Lateral: further from the midline Intermediate: in between two structures Superficial: toward the surface of the body Deep: toward the interior of the body Body Planes Parasagittal: divides into left and right Midsagittal: divides into equal left and right Frontal: divides into anterior and posterior (front and back). Transverse/cross-section: divides into superior and inferior (upper and lower). o Splits the whole body or specific organs Body Cavities Thoracic: Heart and lungs Pleural: anything to do with lungs Pericardial: anything to do with heart o Diaphragm separates Thoracic and Abdominal Mediastinum: between the lungs  Abdominopelvic Regions are used to split the abdominal and the pelvic cavity Quadrants are used to specify where we are referring o Saying a specific region or quadrant can tell what organ they are talking about ❖ Question to think: Which organs are found in which quadrant or body cavities? Anatomical Position: From the perspective of the patient - Standard body position that is used to describe the human body Properties of Living Things Basic Elements: C, O, H and N Metabolism: Transfer of energy from one form to another Ex: converting ATP into movement ❖ Evolution: Important to note: Evolution is dependent on the environment Unit 2: The Molecules of Life Discuss the properties of water that make it an ideal universal solvent in living things. Water All living things are composed of water - Infants: 75% - Adul male: 60% - Adult female: 55% ❖ Women have less % of water because they have higher % of body fat - Polar is Hydrophilic “water-loving) - Nonpolar is Hydrophobic “afraid of water” o Like dissolves like Macromolecules They are polymers and it is formed through the process called dehydration synthesis 4 types: 1. Protein - Polymers of amino acids - Peptide bond: covalent bond between 2 amino acids o Chain of amino acids makes a polypeptide before becoming protein - There are 20 amino acids ❖ Memorize the groups they are in. If they have... For R group uncharged amino acid: Double bonded oxygen or alcohol group negatively charged amino acid = Carboxyl group  positively charged amino acid = Amino group nonpolar amino acid = If not any of these (just C and H) - Tryptophan (essential amino acid): amino acid used to make serotonin: good mood hormone - Tyrosine: makes dopamine and other hormones ❖ Focus of the type of protein and its function. Know one example for each - Structure = Function o Protein structure is complex o The order of the amino acids matter = affect how protein folds together = the fold determines the function ▪ Primary: chains of amino acids, polypeptide ▪ Secondary: little folds, Beta Sheets or Alpha Helix – both can exit in 1 ▪ Tertiary: 3D, protein ▪ Quaternary: 2 proteins folded together ▪ Denature protein are inactive o Enzyme is a protein 2. Nucleic Acid - DNA to RNA to Protein - DNA is polymer of nucleotides - Structure of DNA is Double Helix  - A-T/U, G-C, by H-bonds - RNA is Single Helix, made from DNA template 3. Carbohydrate - Energy production and storage - Monosaccharides: Glucose, Fructose and Galactose - Disaccharides: o Sucrose = Glucose + fructose (table sugar) o Lactose = Glucose + Galactose (Milk) o Maltose = 2 Glucoses (Grain) - Lactase: an enzyme. Causes lactose intolerance when deficient in it - Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, cellulose (structure for cell wall) 4. Lipids - Brain: 60% fats - Structure of Cell Membrane - Heart: 60% of heart energy from burning fats 3 types Triglycerides - Structure: fatty acids and Glycerol o Saturated: only single bonds, solid at room temp, no more H can be added o Unsaturated: Double bonds, liquid at room temp, more H can be added ❖ Mono-unsaturated: one double bond ❖ Kinks “double bond” alters the fatty acids structure ❖ Trans Fat are worst for your body o Cis: same side o Trans: different Side - Essential Fatty Acid: Omega-3, 6, and 9 o They are polyunsaturated Cholesterol: found in cell membrane, synthesized by liver  o Maintains cell membrane flexibility o Produces steroid hormones o Produced bile Ex: Aldosterone and progesterone Phospholipids: They are amphipathic (Both polar and nonpolar) o Tail is nonpolar o Phosphate head is polar