Unit 1 and 2 Exam Revision 2024 PDF

# Key Knowledge Units 1 and 2 ## Cells * Distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells * Surface area to volume ratio as an important factor in the limitations of cell size and the need for internal compartments (organelles) with specific cellular functions * Plant vs animal cell organell...

# Key Knowledge Units 1 and 2 ## Cells * Distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells * Surface area to volume ratio as an important factor in the limitations of cell size and the need for internal compartments (organelles) with specific cellular functions * Plant vs animal cell organelles for distinct functions, including chloroplasts and mitochondria * The structure and function of the plasma membrane * Passage of water, hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances via osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport * Binary fission in prokaryotic cells ## The eukaryotic cell cycle * The characteristics of each of the sub-phases of mitosis: * Interphase: G1, S, G2 * Prophase * Metaphase * Anaphase * Telophase * Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells ## Apoptosis * Apoptosis as a regulated process of programmed cell death * Disruption to the regulation of the cell cycle and malfunctions in apoptosis that may result in deviant cell behavior: cancer and the characteristics of cancer cells ## Stem Cells * Properties of stem cells that allow for differentiation, specialisation and renewal of cells and tissues, including the concepts of pluripotency and totipotency. ## Cell Specialization and Organisation * Specialisation and organisation of plant cells into tissues for specific functions in vascular plants, including intake, movement and loss of water * Specialisation and organisation of animal cells into tissues, organs and systems with specific functions: digestive, endocrine and excretory ## Homeostasis * Regulation of blood glucose in animals by homeostatic mechanisms, including stimulus-response models, feedback loops and associated organ structures * Malfunctions in homeostatic mechanisms: type 1 diabetes, hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism. ## Scientific Investigation * Accuracy, precision, reproducibility, repeatability, and validity of measurements in relation to the investigation ## Genetics * The distinction between genes, alleles and a genome * The nature of a pair of homologous chromosomes carrying the same gene loci and the distinction between autosomes and sex chromosomes * Variability of chromosomes in terms of size and number in different organisms * Karyotypes as a visual representation that can be used to identify chromosome abnormalities * The production of haploid gametes from diploid cells by meiosis, including the significance of crossing over of chromatids and independent assortment for genetic diversity * The use of symbols in the writing of genotypes for the alleles present at a particular gene locus * Expression of dominant and recessive phenotypes, including codominance and incomplete dominance * Proportionate influences of genetic material, and environmental and epigenetic factors, on phenotypes. * Pedigree charts and patterns of inheritance, including autosomal and sex-linked inheritance. * Predicted genetic outcomes for a monohybrid cross and a monohybrid test cross * Biological advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction * Biological advantages of sexual reproduction in terms of genetic diversity of offspring * The process and application of reproductive cloning technologies: embryo splitting and SCNT * The biological importance of genetic diversity within a species or population * Structural, physiological and behavioural adaptations that enhance an organism's survival and enable life to exist in a wide range of environments * Survival through interdependencies between species, including impact of changes to keystone species and predators and their ecological roles in structuring and maintaining the distribution, density and size of a population in an ecosystem * The contribution of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' knowledge and perspectives in understanding adaptations of, and interdependencies between, species in Australian ecosystems. ## Table | HELP | GOOD | |---|---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |