Understanding The Self Quiz 1 PDF

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF | Y1-S1 S.TERMULO | BSEDSS 1-1 RENAISSANCE AND ENLIGHTENMENT L1: Introduction to UTS Humanism - an intellectual movement that Self - refers to the individual's awareness of their began during the Renaissance...

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF | Y1-S1 S.TERMULO | BSEDSS 1-1 RENAISSANCE AND ENLIGHTENMENT L1: Introduction to UTS Humanism - an intellectual movement that Self - refers to the individual's awareness of their began during the Renaissance, placed emphasis own identity, thoughts, feelings, and experiences. on human potential, individuality, and critical thinking. Understanding The Self - essential for personal growth, healthy relationships, and developing a 1.​ Francesco Petrarch (1304–1374) sense of purpose and meaning. - Often called the "Father of Humanism”. - Rediscovered and studied classical texts from The Self in Historical and Philosophical Contexts Ancient Rome and Greece, encouraging a revival of classical literature and philosophy. ANCIENT VIEWS: - Advocated for self-reflection, personal development, and the importance of the human - Egyptian and Mesopotamian Cultures: The self experience. was seen as deeply interconnected with the community, nature, and spiritual forces. 2.​ Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375) - Ancient Egypt Life forces: - An Italian writer and humanist, known for his Ka - (life-force) left the body upon death work The Decameron, which highlighted and needed to be fed individual character, wit, and moral lessons. Ba - personal spirituality, remained in the - Emphasized human emotion and secular body themes, which helped shift focus from strictly religious subjects. - Greek Philosophy: Philosophers like Socrates and Plato began the journey of “knowing oneself” 3.​ Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) and saw the self as a rational soul. ​ Know Thyself by Socrates - charged with - Known as the "Prince of the Humanists.” corrupting the Athenian youth, Socrates isn't - A Dutch scholar whose works, including In exactly apologetic. He tells the jury to their faces Praise of Folly, criticized the corruption within the that they only charged him because they don't like Catholic Church while advocating for religious that he forces them to confront uncomfortable tolerance and education reform. truths. Somewhat unsurprisingly, the jury - Emphasized the importance of a moral and sentences him to death. Socrates accepts the educated society. sentence unfazed, famously stating that he'd rather die than stop making people think, as 'an 4.​ Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) unexamined life is not worth living'. - Often celebrated as the ultimate "Renaissance Man" for his contributions across art, science, MEDIEVAL PERSPECTIVES: engineering, and anatomy. - Embodied humanist ideals by emphasizing Christian Influence in Europe: The self was human potential and the pursuit of knowledge understood in relation to God, with an emphasis through observation and empirical study. on the soul and moral duty. - The Human Heart, Dissection, Natality Buddhist Philosophy: The self was seen as an 5.​ Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) illusion, and enlightenment involved seeing beyond the ego. - An Italian diplomat and philosopher best known for The Prince, where he explored political power and the realities of human nature. - While controversial, his works underscored - Plato is his nickname (platos = breadth) humanist ideas by focusing on human behavior, - His work is considered to be systematic individual agency, and secular analysis of politics. and interconnected, blending ethics, political philosophy, moral psychology, epistemology, and metaphysics. 6.​ Dante Alighieri Concept of Self: “The true self of the human - Forerunner of the Humanist Movement person is the rational self”. - Argued that life had value “The rational soul as the true self, therefore, must - The individual, while part of the community, was at all times control the spiritual and appetitive significant, and the right to self-expression and soul.” happiness - La Divina Comedia ​ The human person is a dichotomy of body and soul. (body - material and destructible; soul - immaterial and indestructible) L2: Philosophical Conceptions of the Self ​ The soul is an entity distinct from the body — For Plato, the soul is the SELF. Philosophical Perspectives- Offer various ​ The soul, conceived of as SELF, has three viewpoints on how we define concepts and help parts: rational soul, spiritual soul, and us form a fresh insight into exploring the world appetitive soul. through different channels of knowledge. a.​ Rational Soul - located in the head; enables the person to think, reflect, 1.​ Socrates - Forerunner of Western Philosophy analyze, and do other cognitive functions. -​ Know Thyself by Socrates - charged with (SUPERIOR, as it serves as the moral corrupting the Athenian youth, Socrates guide of the other two parts of the soul.) isn't exactly apologetic. He tells the jury to b.​ Spiritual Soul - located in the chest; their faces that they only charged him enables the person to experience because they don't like that he forces happiness, joy, sadness, abomination, them to confront uncomfortable truths. anger, and other emotional feelings. Somewhat unsurprisingly, the jury c.​ Appetitive Soul - located in the abdomen; sentences him to death. Socrates accepts drives the person to experience physical the sentence unfazed, famously stating pain, hunger, thirst and other physical that he'd rather die than stop making wants (lusts). people think, as 'an unexamined life is not worth living'. ​ Phaedrus: Allegory of the Chariot a.​ Charioteer (rational soul) - drives his horses onward and upward, keeping his 2.​ Plato - Father of western philosophy team working together in harmony - 427 - 348 BCE together to the realm of the gods, a place - A student of Socrates, a teacher of of illumination, reality, and truth. Aristotle b.​ Horse on the left (upward | appetitive soul) - He founded The Academy (World’s 1st - deformed and obstinate; the mate of University) insolence and pride; shag-eared and deaf; - The author of the “The Republic” hardly yielding to whip and spur. - Plato is considered the first psychologist c.​ Horse on the right (downward | spiritual because of the Tripartite Soul soul) - upright and cleanly made; a lover of - This is the first evidence that someone honor, modesty, and temperance; follower explores the human psyche of true glory; needs no touch of the whip, - Plato is very fond of allegories but is guided by word and admonition only. - Real name: Aristocles (aristos = the best ; kleos = glory). Named after his Destination: Beauty, Wisdom, Courage, Justice, grandfather and Goodness.  ​ Believed the soul to be the part that rules an individual (perception receptive contemplative 3.​ Aristotle - Greek Philosopher and scientist consciousness) - Student of plato, tutor to Alexander the ​ Divine origin of the soul Great ​ “Greatness” of the soul is that it has the - Laid the groundwork for much of ability to move closer to God Western philosophy and science. ​ Immortality of the soul (Communion with the - Aristotle was the first person to Divine through exercising virtue) distinguish between living and non-living ​ Knowing God, is knowing oneself things. ​ The Order of Saint Augustine (OSA) - Aristotle’s view of the self as a body-soul union is still influential. His three-part soul model (growth, emotions, intellect) aligns 5.​ St. Thomas Aquinas - Patron Saint of with modern psychology, and his focus on Catholic teachers a fulfilling life forms the basis of virtue - 1225- March 7, 1274 ethics and resonates with positive - An Italian Dominican theologian, the psychology foremost medieval scholastic - Recognized by the Roman Catholic Concept of Self: “The self is a combination of Church as its foremost Western both body and soul” philosopher and theologian “All life has an inseparable body and soul” - Wrote some of the eucharistic hymns in the church’s liturgy. ​ Three kinds of Soul: - Summa Theologica a.​ Vegetative - the physical body allows things to grow Concept on Self: “A man is composed of two b.​ Sentient - sensual desires, feelings, and parts” emotions c.​ Rational - what makes us human, ​ All material objects are hylomorphic, includes intellect which makes man know comprising two essential elements: matter things. and form. According to hylomorphism, ​ Aristotle suggests that the rational nature of matter is the underlying substance, while the self is to lead a good ,flourishing and form is the structure or organization that fulfilling life. gives it its specific identity and properties. ​ Matter is the corporeal property; Form is the essence. 4.​ St. Augustine - The Bishop of Hippo from ​ The soul is primary; it's what makes man a 396-430. Recognized as a Doctor of the man. Body exists because of the soul. Church - Nov. 13, 354 - Aug 28, 430 6.​ Rene Descartes - Father of Analytic Geometry - A significant Christian thinker - born in 1596 - His numerous written works helped lay - Major contributor in Math, Philosophy, the foundation for much of medieval and and Science modern Christian thought. - Inventor of the Cartesian Coordinate - “Rationality comes from God. Our System rationality is that part of ourselves that - He emphasized DOUBT. “One must links us to the divine.” doubt everything in order to achieve knowledge” Concept of Self: “The soul is a part that rules the body” Concept of Self: “Rationalism vs. Empiricism” “A rational substance fitted for rule over a body” ​ Rationalism - innate knowledge; “Knowledge that is absolutely independent of all  experience” a priori, prior to any observation or experimentation, you know this is true Concept on Self: “There is no self ” ​ Empiricism - all of our knowledge came from ‘Bundle Theory of the Self’ our senses, observations from the outside world (David Humes) ​ Impressions - Impressions are the basic ​ Cartesian Dualism: Mind-Body Interaction sensations of our experience, the elemental ​ Deus Deceptor = Evil demon data of our minds. ​ Cogito, Ergo, Sum - I think therefore, I exist. ​ Ideas - Ideas are copies of impressions, and The truest of all truth that cannot be denied as a result they are less “lively” and “vivid.” as doubting the existence of thinking is an act ​ Bundle Theory of the Self: The self we of thinking itself experience is a “bundle or collection of ​ Skepticism: The Unreliability of senses - We different perceptions, which succeed each do not describe the world we see, we see the other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are world we can describe in a perpetual flux and movement.” ​ Self-defined Consciousness ​ Self is a bundle of perceptions ​ The Self is a thinking substance ​ Self is without underlying substance 7.​ John Locke - Father of Liberalism 9.​ Immanuel Kant - German Philosopher - 17th Century English Philosopher - April 22, 1724 - February 12, 1804 - His comprehensive and systematic work Concept on Self: Tabula Rasa or Blank State in epistemology (the theory of knowledge), ethics, and aesthetics greatly influenced ​ He felt that the self, or personal identity, is all subsequent philosophy, especially the constructed primarily from sense experiences various schools of Kantianism and - or more specifically, what we see, hear, idealism. smell, taste, and feel. ​ These experiences shape and mold the self Concept on Self: “We construct the self” throughout a person's life. ​ Self-consciousness is necessary to have a ​ It is the self that makes experiencing an coherent personal (self) identity or knowledge intelligible world possible because it is the of the self as a person. self that is actively organizing and ​ Consciousness is what makes possible our synthesizing all our thoughts and belief that we are the same identity in perceptions. different situations. ​ Internal world - thoughts, feelings ​ Using the power of reason and introspection External world - events, situations, enables people to understand and achieve happenings outside our control accurate conclusions about the self. ​ We synthesize both to create the self ​ In essence, the self is a collection of ​ The self constructs its own reality creating a memories organized by consciousness world that is familiar and predictable. ​ Self is a continuous consciousness shaped by experience 10.​Sigmund Freud - Founding Father of ​ Personal identity is defined by memory and Psychoanalysis self-awareness rather than an unchanging - 1856 - 1939 soul - Psychoanalysis: method for treating mental illness and a theory explaining 8.​ David Hume - Scottish enlightenment human behaviour. philosopher, economist, historian, and - Also considered as Father of Psychology essayist. - Introduced the idea of the self as a - born in 1711 balance between unconscious desires and - Known for his empiricism and scepticism conscious control. - Challenged the idea of a stable self - Psychoanalytic Theory Concept on Self: “Iceberg Theory of the Conscious Mind” ​ Iceberg Theory a.​ Conscious Mind (Thoughts,Perceptions) - all of the thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes of which we are aware at any given moment. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. b.​ Preconscious Mind (Memory Stored Knowledge) - anything that could ​ Psychosexual Stages of Development potentially be brought into the conscious mind. c.​ Unconscious Mind (Instincts, Fears, Selfish Motives) - reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness. The unconscious contains contents that are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. ​ Defense Mechanism: are psychological strategies used unconsciously to protect a person from unacceptable thoughts and feelings. These mechanisms involve distorting reality to help cope with situations. Examples: Denial, Projection, Regression, Repression, Displacement, Sublimation 11.​Gilbert Ryle - Waynflete professor of ​ Three Components of Human Psyche metaphysical philosophy a.​ Id - Represents primal desires. - 1900 - 1976 b.​ Ego - Balances the id and reality. c.​ Superego - Represents societal norms Concept on Self: “The self is not an invisible, and morals. separate entity but is part of our everyday actions.” ​ Critique of Cartesian Dualism ​ The Concept of Mind (1949) ​ Ordinary Language Philosopher ​ “The ghost in the machine” 12.​Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty - French philosopher, known for his contributions to phenomenology, emphasizing the role of the embodied self in human experience. - 1908 - 1961 - Influenced by Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl  - Most important works are -​ Sartre's and other existentialist Phenomenology of Perception (1945) and perspectives, on the other hand, stress a The Visible and the Invisible (1968) more distinct, purposeful shaping of the self. Concept on Self: ​ Embodiment and the Self - highlights how the self is embodied. -​ Challenged the conventional Cartesian 19th Century Thoughts dualism -​ Phenomenology of Perception (1945): In 1.​ Freud and the Unconscious this seminal work, Merleau-Ponty introduces the concept of the lived body 2.​ Carl Jung - The Collective Unconscious (corps vécu). ​ The Archetypes: -​ The self ​ The Self as Intertwined with the World - -​ The shadow -​ The concept of “chiasm” or intertwining, as -​ The animus/anima proposed by him, challenges the notion of -​ The persona a separate, isolated self. -​ In his later works, specifically The Visible ​ Individuation and the Invisible, he introduces the concept of the flesh (la chair), a common, 3.​ Abraham Maslow necessary substance that connects the self and the outside world. -​ Influenced by Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty believed that “the self is a being-in-the-world”. ​ Pre-Reflective Self-Awareness -​ Pre-reflective self-consciousness, a type of immediate, non-thematic knowledge of one's embodied being, is valued especially by Merleau-Ponty. -​ This kind of self-awareness is implicit and subjective. It precedes careful, purposeful reflection. The Social Construction of the Self ​ The Social and Interpersonal Self -​ The self is always linked in a social context and is created through engaging 1.​ Max Weber with other people. 2.​ Karl Marx - Conflict Theory, Dialect -​ According to Merleau-Ponty's theories on Nature of Historical Materialism ( with intersubjectivity, our shared, bodily being Friedrich Engels), Author of Das kapital is the foundation of how we perceive and the communist manifesto others. 3.​ Emile Durkheim- Functional Theory 4.​ George Herbert Mead - Symbolic ​ Ambiguity and the Fluidity of the Self Interactionism, The “I” and the “Me” -​ According to Merleau-Ponty, “ambiguity or 5.​ Albert Camus- Myth of Sisyphus uncertainty” describes the self. 6.​ Fyodor Dostoevsky - Crime and -​ He emphasizes the self's flexible and Punishment, Letters from Underground, dynamic aspect in his concept of and Brothers Karamazov ambiguity. 7.​ Jean Paul Sartre- Being and Nothingness  Postmodernism ​ A diverse intellectual movement that emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to modernism. It questions traditional narratives, universal truths, and the stability of knowledge, emphasizing instead the fragmented, subjective, and constructed nature of reality.  observes and internalizes, influencing their L3: Sociological Perspectives behavior. I and Me Theory 1.​ George Herbert Mead - known for his foundational contributions to - Significantly influenced the development of understanding the self and human Mead’s other theory, SYMBOLIC behavior through social interaction and INTERACTIONISM. symbolic communication. ​ I - refers to the active, spontaneous, and -​ An American philosopher, sociologist, and subjective aspect of the self, reflecting social psychologist. individuality, decision making, and -​ His work laid the groundwork for the personal initiatives in contrast to the Me. Concept of Pragmatism and Symbolic Interactionism in sociology and social ​ Me - represents the self as shaped by psychology. social processes and societal expectations. It reflects how individuals perceive themselves based on how others Concept of Self: view them, particularly through the lens of the generalized others. In his book Mind, Self, and Society (1934), Mead argues that the formation of the ​ I and Me - together, the I and Me work to mind and self are not inborn, but rather arises form and shape an individual’s complete through external social processes. He believes identity and sense of self. The “I” initiates that the development of the individual self is actions while the “Me” evaluates these shaped by communication and social interactions, actions based on societal expectations. where individuals internalize and learn to view This ensures a balance between the themselves from the perspective of others personal impulses driven by the ‘I’ and the social responsibilities shaped by the ‘Me’, fostering both individuality and social Social Behaviorism conformity. Stages of Self Development: Symbolic Interactionism a.​ 2 years old [Preparatory Stage] - children imitate or mimic others but don’t ​ A sociological theory focused on the understand the meaning of the actions interpretation of symbols attached to they see. social processes , creating meanings and understanding of the self in individuals. b.​ 2 to 6 years old [Play Stage] - children start to understand some rules and roles ​ It helps in understanding the self by but with limitations. They role play and explaining how identities form through imitate significant others such as family. Pragmatic social interaction and the meanings attached to symbols, allowing c.​ 7 years old and older [Game Stage] - people to interpret their roles and children gradually understand societal behaviors in society. rules and act on these roles simultaneously, developing the concept of generalized other. ​ Generalized other- collective expectations and norms of the society that an individual  2.​ Michel Foucault - A French philosopher, discipline in society, where those in power sociologist, and historian, is well known for define what is normal and acceptable, as his work on power, knowledge, and the seen in prison systems ways in which individuals are shaped by and respond to social structures. The History of Sexuality (1976): Sexuality (Williams, 2023) ​ Sexuality is not a natural, biological truth Concept of Self: but is deeply shaped by historical, social, and institutional forces. Structuralism and Post-Structuralism Structuralism - theoretical approach that identifies patterns in social arrangements. L4: Anthropological Perspective of Self Post- Structuralism - holds all meaning to be fluid Culture - the complex whole which includes rather than universal and predictable. knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by ​ Self is Socially Constructed: Self is not man as a member of a society. -Edward Tylor a fixed or pre-existing entity but rather, is constructed by society. Anthropology - study of people, past and present, with a focus on understanding the ​ Power and Knowledge: Foucault is human condition both culturally and biologically. known for analyzing how power penetrates society, shaping individuals -​ Self embedded in culture: The concept and groups in subtle, often invisible ways. of self from the perspective of (Mason, 2024) anthropology can be seen in the view of ​ how man is shaped and influenced by -​ Power exists everywhere and culture. Culture influences us a lot like comes from everywhere how we live and work or how we behave -​ Knowledge has the power to make and treat others. things "true" in the real world, it is linked to the formulation of one’s “self” Two Anthropological Perspective of Self -​ Institutions use their knowledge and power in shaping people’s ​ Egocentric - A person is capable of acting identity in the form of normalization independently from others. ​ Socio-centric - A view of Books Interdependence between the person and the group is more valued. Discipline and Punish (1975): Surveillance and Disciplinary Power 1.​ Marcel Mauss - Father of French ​ The concept of panopticon represents a Ethnography system of control, where those in power -​ French Sociologist and Anthropologist define what is normal and acceptable, -​ May 10, 1872 - February 10, 1950 shaping society’s behavior by making people internalize these norms and self-police their actions. Concept of Self: ​ It illustrates how surveillance, whether real or perceived, shapes behavior and  The Self and the Culture L5: Psychological Perspectives “If the self is born into a particular society or culture, the self will adjust according to its exposure.“ 1.​ William James - Father of American Psychology -​ Founder of Pragmatism Moi - the basic Identity / Biological givenness / -​ One of the Most Influential American “The Face” Philosophers Of All Time. -​ James’s primary education is Medicine Personne - what it means to live in a particular and would eventually go to lectures about environment / “The Mask” physiology at Harvard. -​ As a champion of Functionalism, James founded American Society for Psychical Research before his death in 1910. 2.​ Clifford Geertz - Think Description -​ American Anthropologist Notable contributions/book: The Will to -​ August 23, 1926 - October 30, 2006 Believe, James-Lange Theory of Emotion, Theory of Self, Functionalism (vs. Structuralism) Concept of Self: Concept of Self: The self comprises of 2 parts The Interpretation of Culture The I and the Me ​ Man and Culture are together - Human I - the self that thinks, acts, and has experienced. nature is dependent on culture. The Man adopts culture and Culture Shapes man -​ Is part of the self that knows who they are and what they have accomplished in life ​ The concept of Culture as a Learned (Pomerleau, 2014). Behavior - Our behavior is composed of -​ Cannot be further divided cultural traits. We Learn and eventually manifest the same behavior from the Me - the self as an object of knowledge, including culture in the environment we belong the sum of a person’s thoughts, feelings, social roles, and recognition from others. The Balinese Culture : -​ A separate individual a person refers to -​ Clifford Geertz emphasized the culture of when talking about their personal the Balinese people where he discussed experiences their different systems from their names, -​ Can be further broken down into 3 titles, time and date and their way of sub-categories: interacting with others; this shows their bond with the culture. a.​ The Material Self - consists of what belongs to a person, such as People in Bali - Personal names, Birth order the body, family, clothes, or money. names, Kinship terms, Teknonyms, Status titles, Public titles. b.​ The Social Self - marks who you are in a specific social situation. Time in Bali - Lunar Calendar, Permutational We tend to change our actions, Calendar thoughts, emotions, words, and mannerisms based on the current Conduct in Bali - Lek, Proper social interaction  social situation or the people with -​ Neurotic Needs: It is an excessive whom we are interacting. demand use to defend themselves against basic anxiety. Neurotic needs as a way to c.​ The Spiritual Self - is who we are seek safety and security but in an at our core, including our unhealthy way because it can lead to personality, values, and maladaptive behavior (self harm, conscience. Our spiritual self dependent on alcohol and drugs to cope typically remains relatively stable with problems). throughout our lifetime (Green, 1997). -​ Basic Evil: experiencing violence or parents being indifferent during childhood. Example: In the statement, “ I know it was me who ate the cookies”. -​ if the child continuously experiences basic evil, there are tendency for the basic anxiety (a feeling of insecurity, 1.​ helplessness, and a sense of not 2.​ Karen Danielsen Horney - German belonging) to develop. psychoanalyst and a Neo-Freudian Neo-Freudian: Refers to the modifications, 3 types of Neurotic Needs: extensions, and revisions of Freud’s original psychoanalytic theory. Most of these A.​ Needs that move people towards others psychologists, emphasize social, cultural, and -​ Need for affection and approval interpersonal elements rather than innate -​ Need for a dominant partner biological instincts (sexual & aggression) -​ Need for social recognition -​ Need for personal admiration Horney Freud B.​ Needs that move people away from Culture and Social Biological (Affects others: (Affects mental health) mental health) -​ Need for personal achievement -​ Need for independence -​ Need for perfection Womb envy Penis Envy -​ Need to restrict life Interpersonal Sexual Drives (cause C.​ Needs that move people against others: Relationships (cause of anxiety) -​ Need for power of anxiety) -​ Need to exploit others Concept of Self: Theory of Neurotic Needs Theory of Self -​ Neurosis came from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships. ​ She proposed the idea regarding the importance of self-realization and healthy -​ Neurotic came from the word neurosis. personality development. In the past, neurosis referred to a mental illness or mental disorder that shows lots ​ Real Self: of symptoms (anxiety, depression, -​ the authentic self obsessive-compulsive behavior, etc. like -​ Where each person possesses anything but psychotic symptoms which unique traits, potentials, and could be delusions or hallucinations). capabilities. Now, the neurosis term is not used in -​ Horney mentioned that people professional diagnosis anymore. need a warm atmosphere where  they have the freedom to feel and hinders us from accepting our real express feelings and have healthy selves because of the standards relationships to acquire their real we keep on thinking which will selves. result in anxiety and guilt. -​ The real self can either grow and flourish or become rigid, depending ​ Self Realization on the experiences and -​ Horney proposes in her book, that environment a person grows. one thing that people can do to liberate our self to self-realization ​ Idealized Self: is to actively rebel against their -​ an impossible self that can lead to inner tyranny of the shoulds. a cycle of self-loathing called the -​ Learning about what we don't “despised self” want, dislike, and despise is a -​ The ideal self can be a result for huge step towards learning what neurotic people to justify their we truly desire. It opens the door to actions learning about our authentic -​ Example: feelings and preferences. if you move towards people, you think that you are the kindest Feminine Psychology person ever ​ Challenged the traditional Freudian if you choose to move against psychology’s view on women. people, you think you are the best ​ Horney noted there are phallocentric entrepreneur because you are biases within the psychoanalysis field. exploiting people for the business -​ Phallocentric bias: Cultural bias to flourish that favors the masculine over the feminine (Male-centered) If you choose to move away from ​ Penis envy —> Flight from womanhood people, you think you are the freest -​ Horney stated that the reason why person ever girls developed penis envy is because of the disappointment -​ The ideal self can also cause a they had in their father which led to person to be neurotic for pushing a “flight from womanhood” yourself too much to achieve the meaning the desire not to be a ideal self which can turn to neurotic female. needs like the need for perfection ​ Distrust between sexes or the need for admiration. -​ Horney studied and saw many -​ Ideal self can result in self-criticism problems in relationships between which causes inner tyrant men and women caused by historical and cultural factors which Inner Tyrant: the inner voice that judges us she called distrust between sexes. based on unrealistic standards. Usually, negative She saw the pattern where men self-talk, self-blame, and self-sabotage are what treated women as children rather the inner tyrant does than as equals. ​ Womb envy ​ “The Tyranny of the Should” -​ Boys' envy as the womb can -​ a phrase coined by Horney. create life and birth that could -​ The tyranny of the should are make them feel inferior in society. caused by either social expectations (external expectations) or personal standards (internal expectations). It  3.​ Erich Fromm - Co-founded the National Committee for Sane Nuclear Policy -​ Neo-Freudian Fromm’s Five Human Needs -​ A German-born American psychoanalyst and social 1.​ RELATEDNESS - drives people to unite philosopher with another person through submission, -​ Sigmund Freud’s Disciple (but power, and love. later took its own research) -​ Fromm believed that character in Submission : a person can submit to another, to a humans evolved as a way for group, or to an institution in order to become one people to meet their needs. Unlike of the world Freud, he did not believe that character was fixed. Power : a person seeks additional power, and as a result, they become more and more dependent Notable Books: The Same Society, Escape on their partners and less of an individual From Freedom, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness, Marx’s Concept of Man, Love : Fromm defined love as a “union with Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism, The Art of somebody or something outside oneself under Loving the condition of retaining the separateness and integrity of one's own self” Concept of Self: 2.​ TRANSCENDENCE - is the need for people to rise above their passive Revision of Freudian Psychoanalysis and existence and create or destroy life. Psychopathology 3.​ ROOTEDNESS - the need for consistent ​ Fromm had what has been considered to structure in people's lives. be a complex relationship with Freud and -​ To feel at home again in the world his work 4.​ SENSE OF IDENTITY - capacity to be ​ Fromm criticized Freud’s theory and his aware of ourselves as a separate entity. tendency to demand ideological purity in -​ People were identified by their social roles psychoanalysis -​ The identity of most people still resides in their attachment to others or to institutions ​ Fromm (1970) criticized Freud’s model of such as the nations, religion, occupation, man as being overly determined by his or social group social views, such as the belief in patriarchy and the belief that people are 5.​ FRAME OF ORIENTATION - consistent fundamentally self-centered. way of looking at the world ​ Fromm argued that in limiting his criticism of social norms to sexuality, Freud was handicapped in developing the full implication of his discoveries. ​ In the end, Fromm rejected Freud’s instinct theories, instead seeing psychopathology as rooted in character. In his book: Escape from Freedom, Fromm describes sadism and masochism as outcomes of a basic need for relatedness.  4.​ Stanley Milgram - American social psychologist, Born and raised in Bronx, U.S.A. -Known for his infamous Obedience experiment also called "Shock experiment", and his book " The individual in a social world" Concept of Self: Shock Experiment ​ In 1961, Milgram conducted a research experiment about the obedience to authority. He conducted this research to understand the justification of a Naz* soldier to hurt ordinary citizens solely based on an order of a higher authority. 5.​ Philip Zimbardo - An American He disguised his experiment as a study on Psychologist and a professor at Stanford memory and learning at Yale University. University The 40 male participants had no idea of -​ Best known for his experiment “The what the experiment would truly be. stanford prison experiment” or STE and his book The time paradox ​ He asked his colleagues, how many do they think will electrocute others up to 450 volts. Only 3% of his colleagues said that Stanford Prison Experiment the subject would obey, and inflict 450 volts of shock. However, 65% of Is an experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo participants administer the maximum 450 and his colleagues at Stanford University and volts to the students. lasted from August 15 - 21 1971. It was comprised of 24 students. Roles of the students ​ Deemed as unethical – People criticized are determined by the professors in the university, the experiment because it puts the in the end 12 of the students became prison participants in a psychological and guards and 12 of them became Prisoners. On emotional distress. August 15 the experiment began, surprisingly after 6 days the then girlfriend of zimbardo saw Many also believed that Milgram doesn't the conditions of the experiment and asked him to reveal the actual state of the 'students' to stop the experiment or they will have to break up the participants, until months later. and so the experiment stopped. The SPE MAY HAVE BEEN RIGGED??? Transcripts and audio recording found in the SPE showed that zimbardo's team have been coaching the guards, told them to be tough for the sake of the experiment The Lucifer Effect The Lucifer Effect raises a fundamental question about the nature of human nature: How is it possible for ordinary, average, and even good people to become perpetrators of evil? In trying to understand unusual, or aberrant behavior, we often err in focusing exclusively on the inner Sociocultural Theory determinants of genes, personality, and character, as we also tend to ignore what may be the critical - Refers to the cognitive development of a child catalyst for behavior change in the external based on sociocultural context, facilitated by Situation or in the System that creates and companions. maintains such situations. I challenge readers to reflect on how well they really know themselves, More Knowledgeable Others (MKO) and how much confidence they have in what they would or would not ever do when put into new - Through language in which thoughts were behavioral settings. transmitted, more knowledgeable others like teachers and parents shape the mind of a child. - With his background on learning processes and Concept of Self: role of language, he emphasized the role of cultural tools such as language and visuals (The The Time Paradox Psychology of Art). - Is a book written by Dr. Philip Zimbardo and John Boyd, in their they state that the time paradox is not just a single paradox but rather a Jean Piaget vs. Lev Vygotsky series of paradoxes -​ Every child has a universal stages of ​ Paradox 1: Time is one of the most learning. vs. Every child can learn way powerful influences on our lives, in our thoughts, beyond their level of maturity. feelings, action etc. Yet we are unconsciously and totally not aware of the effects of time passing by -​ A child may exceed his/her optimal our lives maturity because of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The help of ​ Paradox 2: Each specific attitude toward guardians is crucial as the more time—or time perspective—is associated with knowledgeable instrument and the numerous benefits, yet in excess each is instrument utilizing language. associated with even greater costs. Scaffolding - support given by teachers or ​ Paradox 3: Individual attitudes toward parents that guides students in learning. time are learned through personal experience, yet collectively attitudes toward time influence national destinies. Concept of Self: -​ Vygotsky emphasized sociocultural context, media like arts, particularly 6.​ Lev Vygotsky - A seminal Russian language, and the role of MKO through teacher, activist, and a psychologist. optimal growth. Though information about him is scarce because of antisemitism and raging revolution at that time, his works contributed a lot in the field of child and 7.​ Albert Bandura - A Canadian-American cognitive development, and the role of psychologist born on December 4, 1925 sociocultural context in the development and died on July 26, 2021. of a child. -​ He created both Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. -​ He served as President of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1974,  and was a professor at Stanford University. Social Learning Theory vs. Social Cognitive -​ Ranked as one of the most influential Theory psychologists of the 20th century in Review of the General Psychology (2002). -​ While both are incredibly similar in terms of learning by observation, role of environment, and the role of cognitive Concept of Self: process in learning, Social Learning Theory is not the same as Social Social Learning Theory Cognitive Theory. ​ During his time, the behavioral school of psychology was a dominant force in their Social Learning Theory industry, proposing that all learning was a result of direct experience with the -​ focuses on the idea of modeling and environment through the processes of imitation as key components of learning. association and reinforcement. -​ concerned with learning through ​ Bandura believed that direct reinforcement observation and imitation, with less could not account for all types of learning, emphasis on internal cognitive factors. so he conducted an experiment known as the Bobo doll experiment in the 1960's -​ mainly used to explain the process of that led him to its official writings in 1977. learning through observation. ​ This experiment is the foundation of the Social Cognitive Theory social learning theory that shows how people learn by observing and imitating -​ focuses on the role of cognitive processes others, and is influenced by attention, like self-efficacy, goals, and motivation, attitudes, and emotions. The self-regulation. theory proposed that environmental and cognitive factors does have an effect on -​ places a greater emphasis on cognitive how people learn. factors which influences learning and behavior. The Bobo Doll Experiment -​ broader in scope, used to understand not just learning but also motivation, emotion, ​ An experiment conducted by Albert and self-regulation. Bandura in the early 1960s, where children watched adults interact with a doll named Bobo, an inflatable toy. The ​ While both theories share a foundation in children were divided into three groups: understanding learning through one group observed adults behaving observation, Social Cognitive Theory aggressively towards the doll, another saw expands on this by incorporating a more adults behaving non-aggressively, and the comprehensive view of cognitive third group saw no adult model. Afterward, processes and personal agency. the children were allowed to play with the doll individually. Those who observed Albert Bandura's Impact on Psychology aggressive behavior were more likely to imitate it, demonstrating the impact of Albert Bandura's contribution to Psychology lies observational learning on aggression. within his introduction of observational learning by Social Learning Theory and the development of it called Social Cognitive Theory. His theories has Conventional : the next period of moral influenced education, therapy, and personal development is marked by the acceptance of development. His work also influenced further social rules regarding what is good and moral. more research for aggression, and also During this time, adolescents and adults underscored the relevance of it across various internalize the moral standards they have learned fields from education to psychology. from their role models and from society. 3. Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships 4. Maintaining Social Order 8.​ Lawrence Kohlberg - Lawrence Kohlberg (born October 25, 1927, Bronxville, New York, U.S.—died January 17, 1987, Post-Conventional : at this level of moral Boston, Massachusetts) was an American development, people develop an understanding psychologist and educator known for his of abstract principles of morality. The two stages theory of moral development. at this level are: 5. Social Contract and Individual Right Stage Moral Development - process by which people 6. Universal Principle develop the distinction between right and wrong (morality) and engage in reasoning between the two (moral reasoning). Kohlberg vs. Piaget ​ Kohlberg's theory is an expansion of Concept of Self: Piaget's theory of moral development. Piaget described a three-stage process of Kohlberg’s Moral Theory moral development: ​ Kohlberg's theory of moral development is Stage 1: The child is more concerned with a theory that focuses on how children developing and mastering their motor and social develop morality and moral reasoning. skills, with no general concern about morality. ​ Kohlberg based his theory on a series of Stage 2: The child develops unconditional moral dilemmas presented to his study respect both for authority figures and the rules in subjects. Participants were also existence. interviewed to determine the reasoning behind their judgments in each scenario. Stage 3: The child starts to see rules as being arbitrary, also considering an actor's intentions ​ Kohlberg's theory is broken down into when judging whether an act or behavior is moral three primary levels. At each level of moral or immoral. development, there are two stages. Pre-Conventional : Is the earliest period of moral More of KOHLBERG’S Impact on Psychology development. It lasts until around the age of 9. At this age, children's decisions are primarily shaped ​ Kohlberg was a leader in the field of moral by the expectations of adults and the education, where he advocated for the consequences of breaking the rules. There are use of moral exemplars, dilemma two stages within this level: discussions, and Just Community Schools. 1. Obedience and Punishment 2. Individualism and Exchange ​ He published several works on moral development, including The Philosophy of Moral Development (1981), The  Psychology of Moral Development (1984), Transcendence needs: A person is motivated by and Lawrence Kohlberg's Approach to values which transcend the personal self (e.g., Moral Education (1989). service to others, mystical experiences, religious faith, etc.) 9.​ Abraham Maslow - He was an American Did you know? Psychologist who came up with the ​ In 1987, Maslow also noticed that most hierarchy of needs to explain human behavior is multi-motivated and noted that motivation. He is also one of the most “any behavior tends to be determined by influential psychologists of the 20th several or all of the basic needs century. simultaneously rather than by only one of them”. Maslow’s Humanistic Theory Self-Actualization According to Maslow Humanistic theory is an approach to development that examines the “whole person”—taking into ​ According to Maslow, humans will only consideration all aspects of human seek the satisfaction of this need following existence—and the uniqueness of all individuals. the satisfaction of all the lower-order Maslow believed that people are motivated to needs (Maslow, 1943). meet certain basic needs and that some needs take precedence over others. Our most basic ​ “A musician must make music, an artist need is for physical survival, and this will be the must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be first thing that motivates our behavior. Once that ultimately happy. What a man can be, he level is fulfilled, the next level up is what must be. This need we may call motivates us, and so on. self-actualization.” Maslow (1943, p. 382) Concept of Self: Maslow’s Contributions to Psychology Theory of Hierarchical Needs ​ His impactful career in the field of psychology made him one of the most influential in the 20th century. He then made his own legacy and contributions to it. ​ His work still exists and is relevant until today. His theories are enjoying a resurgence due to the rising interest in positive psychology. ​ Maslow’s works also influenced how people perceive mental health. His interest The revised model includes: in human potential, peak experiences, the improvement of mental health, and Cognitive needs: knowledge and understanding, personal growth had longevity in curiosity, exploration, need for meaning and psychology. predictability. Aesthetic needs: appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc.