Understanding The Self PDF

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF MODULE 11 EMPIRICAL SELVES -​ innermost workings of the person's mind, the behavior, beliefs and even morals that involves every aspect of the human as a person. -​ Considering the will of the person, how they di...

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF MODULE 11 EMPIRICAL SELVES -​ innermost workings of the person's mind, the behavior, beliefs and even morals that involves every aspect of the human as a person. -​ Considering the will of the person, how they distinguish between right and wrong and also one's intellect are some of the manifestations of the spiritual self of a person. WILLIAM JAMES -​ People will find more satisfaction in having been able to show off the spiritual self like their intelligence, to have their wishes be done, and to act upon their conscience than to count or show FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION their possession, because he said that the Cognitive Function - enabling humans to explain the spiritual self "is the most enduring and intimate unexplainable phenomena part of the self". Emotional Function - Helping individuals to cope up with anxieties that often accompany illness, accidents, death Manifestations of the Spiritual Self and other misfortunes Person's Will - Refers to one's wishes, these are the Social Function - Social control, conflict, resolution and things that we want to see and achieve in our lives. building group solidarity Intelligence and abilities - these are the perceived strengths of a person, the things that they have The “soul“ or spirit of a person has two dimensions; confidence in doing and believe to have a certain level (1) human body and of mastery of. (2)spiritual. Morals - definition of what is right and wrong, distinguishing the things that are acceptable for a Soul - referred to as kaluluwa by the Tagalogs or person, the society and at the same time the dungan by the Ilonggos comes from the root word determination of the possible effects of their actions to duwa, two. themselves, their environment and other people. Values - is the person's ability to distinguish what is The dungan is not seen by the human eye, it takes on a important and what is not. With one's values system a different form. For instance, it can be in the form of an person may be able to prioritize what they think are the insect or a small animal such as lizard. The Bisayans tasks or things that he needs. believe that the dungan leaves the body while person is asleep. Travelling dungan outside the body must be free RELIGION from accidents such as getting trapped in a jar. Only -​ beliefs and behaviors related to supernatural when the soul has safely reunited with the body, the beings and powers. Worldview is broader than person will be awake. religion. -​ Worldview: collective body of ideas that Dungan is also connoted as “willpower”. If a person has members of a culture generally share a strong willpower, is it said to have a strong dungan concerning the ultimate shape and substance of (Magos, 1986). their reality. -​ Religion also differs from spirituality, which is a Rituals in the Philippines are quite common. concern with the sacred in an individual manner. -​ Harang - Visayan fishing villages practice the -​ All cultures have religion, spirituality, a worldview offering ritual. and magic (Haviland, 2007) -​ A local shaman invokes sea-spirits. There are several stages of the ritual purification, invocation, entreaty and feast which cover community life such as harvest, operation of fishing boats and Cerebrum cases of illnesses (Kawada, 1996). – is the biggest part of the brain and the most highly developed part of the human body. Its functions involve VIKTOR FRANKL mental processes like thinking, perceiving, producing -​ the originator of Logotherapy, indicates how his and understanding language. involvement in the quest for the significance of Cerebral Cortex life in a Nazi death camp changed his viewpoint – is involved in several functions associated with of the world. learning including: determining intelligence, planning -​ We can't abstain from affliction, yet we can pick and organization, and processing sensory information. how to manage it and discover significance in it. Hippocampus -​ His hypotheses question the thoughts of Freud, – is responsible for the processing and storing who trusted the significance of life was to seek short-term memory. after joy. Frankl believed that the motivation Amygdala behind life isolates the person from creatures as – is responsible for emotions, survival instincts and well as enables us to survive troublesome memory circumstances. The reason forever isn't identified with the quest for delight, however to finding what you adore and living with significance. -​ For Frankl, man cannot avoid suffering but can find meaning from it. His theory holds three primary human capabilities called as noological possibilities: ​ Self-detachment ​ self-transcendence, and ​ the ability to “spiritually be in touch” with something or someone independent of spatio- Types of Learning: temporal dimensions. 1. Associative Learning – is a type of learning that takes place by associating or connecting a stimulus to a response or a response to reinforcement. a.​ Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov – any learning process in which a new response becomes associated with a particular stimulus. b.​ Operant Conditioning by B.F. Skinner – a method of learning that occurs through rewards MODULE 12 and punishments for behavior. LEARNING 2. Cognitive Learning – learning through conscious -​ may be defined as relatively permanent mental activities like thinking, understanding, and changes in behavior brought about by practice Remembering. and experience (Coon, 2001). a. Latent Learning by Edward Tolman –is the acquisition of data that is then stored in memory for later use. b. Observational Learning by Albert Bandura – is a method of learning that occurs by observing and imitating a model (Feldman, 2010). Four Meditational Processes proposed by Bandura: ​ Attention: The extent to which we are exposed/notice the behavior. For a behavior to be imitated, it has to grab our attention. ​ Retention: How well the behavior is remembered. The behavior may be noticed but  is not always remembered which obviously 4. Feedback – Listen to feedback from people to provide prevents imitation. opportunities to clarify expectations, adjust goal ​ Reproduction: This is the ability to perform the difficulty and gain recognition. behavior that the model has just demonstrated. 5. Task Complexity – The more complicated and ​ Motivation: The will to perform the behavior. The demanding the role would give a high level of rewards and punishment that follow a behavior motivation to a person. will be considered by the observer. MODULE 15 MODULE 13 Stressors and Reponses TIPS TO BECOME A BETTER STUDENT: -​ Stress is a person’s response to events that ✔ Prepare before going to school threaten them. A student can experience various ✔ Use different Resources kinds of deadlines from deadlines of projects or ✔ Be Critical and make learning personal exams, family problems, peer pressure to the ✔ Ask Help complex stress such as ever changing ✔ Do other things environment or terrorist attacks. Even pleasant events, such as preparing for a party or starting METACOGNITION a sought-after job can produce stress. -​ thinking about one’s thinking. More precisely, it refers to the processes used to plan, monitor, 10 Stress Effect in our Body and assess one’s understanding and ​ Muscle Tension performance. ​ Difficulty in breathing Metacognition includes a critical awareness of: ​ Asthma a) one’s thinking and learning and ​ Increased heart rate b) oneself as a thinker and learner. ​ Heart attack ​ Stroke Three components of metacognition: ​ Ulcer 1.​ Metacognitive knowledge ​ Severe stomach pain - knowing about the person learns and his beliefs about ​ Diarrhea learning in himself and others. ​ Constipation 2.​ Metacognitive experience - affective aspect of the learning process. Feelings provide a feedback system to help the person understand his response to the whole process of learning. 3.​ Metacognitive strategies - techniques used by the person to monitor his learning progress. Study Strategies: Visual, Aural, Physical, Verbal, Logical, Social, Solitary MODULE 14 Five Principles of Goal Setting: 1. Clarity – Clear, measurable and unambiguous (specific) goals. 2. Challenge –Set a level of challenge to beat yourself with. 3. Commitment – The harder the goal, the more commitment is required.