Understanding The Nervous System PDF

Using the source provided, respond to all Science Practice: parts of the question in your warm-up: In a recent psychology research study on the hypothalamus, researchers investigated its role in (A) State the operational regulating appetite and satiety. Participants were ex...

Using the source provided, respond to all Science Practice: parts of the question in your warm-up: In a recent psychology research study on the hypothalamus, researchers investigated its role in (A) State the operational regulating appetite and satiety. Participants were exposed to different stimuli known to affect appetite, such as visual cues of food or hunger-inducing smells. definition of the The researchers measured participants' food intake in response to these stimuli and assessed their feelings of dependent variables. hunger and fullness using self-report measures. Additionally, physiological markers, such as levels of hormones involved in appetite regulation, were also measured. The study aimed to understand how the hypothalamus influences eating behavior and physiological responses related to hunger and satiety. Using the source provided, respond to all (A) State the operational definition of the parts of the question in your warm-up: dependent variables. In a recent psychology research study on the The operational definition of the dependent hypothalamus, researchers investigated its role in variable in this study is appetite regulation, regulating appetite and satiety. Participants were specifically measured by participants' food intake in exposed to different stimuli known to affect appetite, response to various stimuli, self-reported feelings such as visual cues of food or hunger-inducing smells. of hunger and fullness, and physiological markers The researchers measured participants' food intake in such as hormone levels. This variable is response to these stimuli and assessed their feelings of operationalized by quantifying the amount hunger and fullness using self-report measures. Additionally, physiological markers, such as levels of of food consumed, self-reported hunger and hormones involved in appetite regulation, were also fullness ratings, and physiological measures measured. The study aimed to understand how the related to appetite regulation. Students can hypothalamus influences eating behavior and identify the operational definition by considering physiological responses related to hunger and satiety. how the dependent variable is measured and quantified in the study.  DAY THURS Differentiate among the subsystems of the 6TH SEPT. 2 human nervous system and their functions. ❒ → Science Practice ❒ Module 1.4b Textbook Reading (Myers 4th) → Understanding the Nervous System Lecture ❒ Unit Project Packet → Homunculus Mapper ❒ Iconic Brain Project The nervous system is the body's communication network, consisting of a complex system of nerves, neurons, and specialized cells. Central Nervous System The (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It serves as the command center of the body, responsible for processing information, coordinating responses, and regulating bodily functions. Central Nervous System The (CNS) The spinal cord serves as consists of the brain and spinal cord. It a vital pathway for transmitting sensory serves as the command center of the body, information from the body to the brain and responsible for processing information, motor commands from the brain to the body. coordinating responses, and regulating bodily functions. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of all the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It serves as a communication network, transmitting sensory information from the body to the central nervous system (CNS). Autonomic Nervous System division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary bodily functions, It operates automatically, without conscious control. Consists of two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic Nervous System responsible for activating the body's "fight or flight" response in times of stress or danger. Increases heart rate, dilates airways, Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) - Facing a Sudden Fire Alarm: and redirects blood flow to essential Imagine a teenager sitting in a classroom when suddenly, the fire alarm goes off, signaling a potential fire emergency. Their sympathetic nervous system reacts organs, preparing the body to respond swiftly to the perceived danger: Increased Heart Rate: Their heart rate spikes as they feel a surge of adrenaline to perceived threats. in response to the sudden loud noise and the potential threat of fire. Dilated Pupils: Pupils dilate to improve visual acuity, allowing them to quickly assess their surroundings for signs of danger or the nearest exit routes. Rapid Breathing: Breathing becomes rapid and shallow as their body prepares for possible evacuation or action to escape the building. Heightened Alertness: They become hyper-vigilant, scanning the room for cues from the teacher or classmates and mentally preparing for an emergency evacuation. Parasympathetic Nervous System responsible for promoting relaxation and restoring the body to a calm state after experiencing stress or danger. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) - After Evacuating to Safety: It slows heart rate, constricts airways, Once safely outside the building and away from immediate danger, the teenager's parasympathetic nervous system begins to take over: and enhances digestion, allowing the Decreased Heart Rate: As they realize they are out of harm's way and emergency responders are on the scene, their heart rate gradually returns to a body to conserve energy and recover calmer pace. Deep Breaths: Breathing becomes deeper and more regular as they attempt to from stressors. calm themselves down and catch their breath after the adrenaline rush. Muscle Relaxation: Tension in their muscles diminishes as they begin to relax, knowing they are safe and no longer under immediate threat. Digestive Processes: Digestive functions resume as the body shifts focus away from the emergency response, allowing them to feel hungry or consume food without discomfort. Somatic Nervous System division of the peripheral nervous system responsible for controlling voluntary movements and relaying sensory information from the body to the central nervous system. Muscle Movement and Coordination: When riding a bicycle, the somatic nervous system controls the voluntary movement of muscles in your arms and legs. For instance, you use your leg muscles to pedal and your arm muscles to steer the handlebars. Sensory Feedback: As you ride, sensory receptors in your skin and joints provide feedback to your somatic nervous system.You can feel the pressure of your hands gripping the handlebars, the vibrations of the road through your feet, and the wind against your face. Motor Response: In response to sensory feedback and environmental cues, your somatic nervous system adjusts muscle contractions to maintain balance and control. For example, when turning a corner, your somatic nervous system coordinates muscle movements to lean into the turn while maintaining stability.  The cell body, or soma, is the central part of the Neurons specialized cell that serves as the neuron that contains the Dendrites are branch-like extensions of the neuron nucleus. that receive signals from building block of the nervous system, other neurons or sensory receptors transmitting electrical and chemical signals throughout the body. The axon is a long, slender projection of the neuron that It consists of three main parts: the cell carries electrical body (soma), dendrites, and axon. impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons. It is covered by a myelin sheath, which helps speed up the transmission of signals. Glial Cells the "support cells" of the nervous system, provide structural support, insulation, and nourishment to neurons. Glial cells play essential roles in maintaining brain health and supporting neuronal function. Motor Neurons nerve cells that transmit signals from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to muscles, glands, and organs, initiating and controlling voluntary and involuntary movements. When you decide to They receive commands from the brain raise your hand in class to ask a question, or spinal cord and convey these signals motor neurons transmit signals from to muscles, causing them to contract your brain to the muscles in your arm, or relax. causing it to move upward. Sensory Neurons specialized nerve cells that transmit sensory information from sensory receptors, such as those in the skin, muscles, and organs, to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). As you raise your hand, They detect various stimuli, including touch, sensory neurons in your fingertips and palm temperature, and environmental changes, and provide feedback to convert these stimuli into electrical signals that your brain, allowing you to feel the position of can be processed by the brain. your hand and ensure it is correctly raised. Interneurons nerve cells that serve as connectors within the central nervous system, relaying signals between sensory neurons and motor neurons. In response to the decision to raise your hand, interneurons in your spinal cord quickly relay signals between sensory neurons and motor neurons, coordinating the movement of your arm and ensuring it is lifted smoothly and accurately. Reflex Arc neural pathway that controls reflex actions, allowing for rapid, automatic responses to sensory stimuli without conscious thought (primitive reflexes). Sensory neurons detect stimuli and send signals to Stimulus (Touching the Hot Stove): You accidentally touch the hot stove the spinal cord. Interneurons relay this information while reaching for a pot. Sensory Neurons (Peripheral Nervous System): Specialized sensory to motor neurons, which trigger reflexive muscle neurons in your skin detect the extreme heat from the stove. These sensory or gland responses, such as withdrawing a hand neurons quickly transmit electrical signals to your spinal cord. Interneurons (Spinal Cord): Upon reaching your spinal cord, interneurons from a hot surface. quickly relay the sensory signals to motor neurons. Motor Neurons (Peripheral Nervous System): Motor neurons receive the They protect the body and enable quick reactions signal and send a rapid response back to the muscles in your hand. Muscle Response (Withdrawal Reflex): The motor neurons trigger your to potential dangers. hand muscles to contract involuntarily. This reflex action causes your hand to jerk away from the hot stove, protecting you from further injury. The Homunculus Mapper There is a map of your body surface on your brain’s cortex. But the map isn’t proportional to actual space.You can test the sensitivity of the body parts using two-point discrimination. 1. During a neuroscience class, Dr. Ellis explains that the type of cells responsible for supporting, nourishing, and protecting neurons are: (A) Glial Cells (B) Sensory Neurons (C) Interneurons (D) Motor Neurons 1. During a neuroscience class, Dr. Ellis explains that the type of cells responsible for supporting, nourishing, and protecting neurons are: (A) Glial Cells (B) Sensory Neurons (C) Interneurons (D) Motor Neurons 2. While playing a video game, Mark’s ability to quickly respond to visual stimuli by pressing buttons is largely due to the rapid communication between: (A) Sensory Neurons and Motor Neurons (B) Motor Neurons and Glial Cells (C) Sensory Neurons and Interneurons (D) Interneurons and Motor Neurons 2. While playing a video game, Mark’s ability to quickly respond to visual stimuli by pressing buttons is largely due to the rapid communication between: (A) Sensory Neurons and Motor Neurons (B) Motor Neurons and Glial Cells (C) Sensory Neurons and Interneurons (D) Interneurons and Motor Neurons 3. In an emergency, when a person needs to react quickly to danger, which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for increasing heart rate and adrenaline flow? (A) Autonomic Nervous System (B) Sympathetic Nervous System (C) Parasympathetic Nervous System (D) Somatic Nervous System 3. In an emergency, when a person needs to react quickly to danger, which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for increasing heart rate and adrenaline flow? (A) Autonomic Nervous System (B) Sympathetic Nervous System (C) Parasympathetic Nervous System (D) Somatic Nervous System 4. Lily is learning to play the violin. The neurons responsible for carrying commands from her brain to her fingers to correctly move the bow are called: (A) Sensory Neurons (B) Interneurons (C) Motor Neurons (D) Glial Cells 4. Lily is learning to play the violin. The neurons responsible for carrying commands from her brain to her fingers to correctly move the bow are called: (A) Sensory Neurons (B) Interneurons (C) Motor Neurons (D) Glial Cells 5. Sophie experiences a sudden, sharp pain when she steps on a piece of glass. The type of neurons that first detect this painful stimulus and send signals to the brain are: (A) Motor Neurons (B) Sensory Neurons (C) Interneurons (D) Glial Cells 5. Sophie experiences a sudden, sharp pain when she steps on a piece of glass. The type of neurons that first detect this painful stimulus and send signals to the brain are: (A) Motor Neurons (B) Sensory Neurons (C) Interneurons (D) Glial Cells