Ultrasound PDF

Ultrasound 10/12/2024 17:24 Position and Image Orientation Position Recumbency: Lateral or dorsal Frequency 6.5–8.5 MHz (7 MHz for general use) Orientation - Sagittal plane: Cranial part on the left of the screen - Transverse plane: Right side of bod...

Ultrasound 10/12/2024 17:24 Position and Image Orientation Position Recumbency: Lateral or dorsal Frequency 6.5–8.5 MHz (7 MHz for general use) Orientation - Sagittal plane: Cranial part on the left of the screen - Transverse plane: Right side of body on the left of the screen Liver Ultrasound Exam Step Details Location Deepest part of cranial abdomen, caudal to diaphragm. Requires low-frequency ultrasound. Technique 1. Place transducer sagittally just caudal to xiphoid process. 2. Tilt hand towards shoulder to locate liver. 3. Adjust depth to visualize diaphragm. 4. Fan transducer in sagittal plane (middle → left → right). 5. Rotate to transverse plane to scan liver and diaphragm. Findings - Medium echogenicity, homogeneous texture. - Gall bladder: Anechoic, right of midline. - Hepatic/portal veins visible (portal veins are hyperechoic). Examination Guidelines - Check for altered echogenicity, homogeneity, and inter-lobe line changes. Spleen Ultrasound Exam Step Details Location & Size - Variable in size, near left kidney, body is superficial on left abdominal wall. - Tail may project over to the right side. Technique 1. Start sagittally caudal to xiphoid process. 2. Scan from tail to head (sagittal to frontal). 3. Push under left costal arch for head of spleen in frontal plane. Findings - Homogeneous, medium echogenicity. - Hyperechoic capsule, anechoic blood vessels. Examination Guidelines - Ensure full view of spleen length from tail to head. Stomach Ultrasound Exam Step Details Wall Appearance - Five-layered wall appearance (alternating hypo/hyperechoic layers). - Gas causes reverberation and shadowing artifacts. Location - Majority left of midline, caudal to liver. Pylorus on right side. Technique 1. Place transducer caudal to xiphoid in sagittal plane. 2. Fan left for fundus and body, right for pylorus. 3. Rotate transducer to transverse and fan cranially/caudally. Findings - Observe contents, rugal folds, and peristalsis. - Identify wall layers. - Gas may obscure deep field structures. Small Intestine Ultrasound Exam Step Details Initial Plane Start with sagittal plane in mid abdomen. Examine Quadrants Examine all four abdominal quadrants. Tracking Loops Track intestinal loops in transverse and longitudinal views. Findings - Identify luminal contents, measure thickness, and observe motility. - Acoustic shadowing from gas may be present. Kidney Ultrasound Exam Step Details Frequency Use 5-7.5 MHz for large dogs, 7-12 MHz for small dogs. Position Left kidney more caudal; position transducer caudal to xiphoid process. Technique 1. Place transducer sagittally, generate longitudinal view. 2. Rotate 90° for transverse view. Findings - Identify renal layers (capsule, cortex, medulla, pelvis). - Look for acoustic shadowing, indicating possible kidney stones. Bladder Ultrasound Exam Step Details Initial Plane Start sagittally, using higher frequency probe for better resolution. Location Begin at caudal midline abdomen, lateral to prepuce (males). Technique 1. Identify bladder filled with anechoic fluid. 2. Fan transducer left/right, then switch to transverse view. 3. Identify bladder wall layers (submucosa, muscularis, serosa). Findings - Measure wall thickness. - Look for abnormal projections, hyperechoic stones, or shadowing. Colon Ultrasound Exam Step Details Initial Plane Start sagittally at the ventral abdomen, left of midline near descending colon. Identify Organ Look for large diameter intestine with slower peristalsis. Locate with Bladder Locate using transverse view of the bladder. Findings - Examine wall layering, check for pattern changes. - Watch for gas shadowing limiting view to near wall.