UCSP UT3 PDF

Name: ________________________ Section: ______________________ I.​ Starting Points For Understanding Culture, Society And Politics A.​ Social and Cultural Backgrounds ➔​ People in society are subjects (social actors) capable o...

Name: ________________________ Section: ______________________ I.​ Starting Points For Understanding Culture, Society And Politics A.​ Social and Cultural Backgrounds ➔​ People in society are subjects (social actors) capable of understanding and reshaping their world, unlike objects that are acted upon. ➔​ Hence, clearly, food is an object, so is fire, while human beings are subjects that make use of objects.Thus, in a way, history is an object, while human beings are subjects that write and rewrite, and in the course of events of their doing, change history. ​ Examples: -​ Humans use fire to cook food (subjects vs. objects). -​ History is shaped by generals, presidents, and ordinary people. ➔​ Paulo Freire’s Perspective (2005) ​ Freire's concept of "unveiling reality" emphasizes critical understanding and re-creation of knowledge. ​ Teachers and students are co-creators of knowledge through reflection and action. ​ His landmark book Pedagogy of the Oppressed, "Teachers and students (leadership and people), co-intent on reality, are both Subjects, not only in the task of unveiling that reality, and thereby coming to know it critically, but in the task of re-creating that knowledge..." ​ For example, people are typically classified according to their gender, socio-economic class, exceptionality/non-exceptionality, ethnicity, and nationality. ➔​ CLASSIFICATIONS IN SOCIETY: (people are categorized by) 1.​ Gender: -​ Learned roles and behaviors influenced by culture (WHO 2020). -​ Gender is socially learned and varies across cultures and time. -​ Is the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex. -​ "the composite of attitudes and behavior of men and women (masculinity and femininity)" according to the Department of Health (DOH) (2020). -​ Meanwhile, the World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) states that "Gender refers to the roles, behaviors, activities, attributes, and opportunities that any society considers appropriate for girls and boys, and women and men. Gender interacts with, but is different from, the binary categories of biological sex." -​ Gender "is learned and perpetuated primarily through: the family, education, religion (where dominant) and is an acquired identity,..." (DOH 2020). -​ Way back in the days of Jose Rizal, women had to seek official permission to establish a women's school (in Malolos, Bulacan). 2.​ Socio-Economic Class: -​ Based on income, power, and access to resources. -​ Most cultures and societies have classes which categorize people according to their social or economic status. -​ In the Philippines, official government statistics identifies seven income clusters of "indicative range of monthly family incomes" that effectively divide Philippine families into the following descriptions: poor, low income but not poor, lower middle income, middle income, upper middle income, upper income but not rich, and rich (Albert 2018). -​ three broader labels:  UCSP : UT 3 MADE BY: ALICIA RELAMPAGOS SY 2023 - 2024 ​ rich (mayaman), middle class (gitnang uri/katamtaman/sakto lang), and poor (mahirap). -​ Sociologists define social class as a group of people with similar socioeconomic status or standing within the society based on the level of income, education, and occupation (Zoleta 2020). Thus, better categorizations of socio-economic class must include dimensions of power, influence, and access to resources, which are difficult to describe, and more so, to quantify. 3.​ Exceptionality: -​ Behavioral, intellectual, and physical categories for educational needs. -​ Categories: ❖​ Behavioral ❖​ Communicative (e.g., Autism, Hearing Impairment) ❖​ Intellectual (e.g., Giftedness, Developmental Disability) ❖​ Physical (e.g., Blindness, Physical Disability) ❖​ Purpose: Helps tailor educational responses to individual needs. -​ Identifying such exceptionalities helps educational agencies, institutions, and individuals in understanding their needs better, and consequently be able to respond to such needs in a more effective manner, too. 4.​ Ethnicity and Nationality: -​ Shared racial, cultural, or national identities. -​ Ethnicity can include several characteristics, such as race, language, and religion -​ Ethnicity and nationality are two of the most common ways of expressing, constructing, or classifying shared identities. -​ Ethnicity ​ is frequently linked with a person's racial, cultural, or religious group ​ In simpler terms, "(e)thnicity can include several characteristics, such as race, language, and religion," -​ Nationality ​ usually implies that a person is from a specific country or a territory dominated by a certain ethnic group" (Shvili 2020). ​ is related to the state to which an individual belongs or shares affiliation. ➔​ Social Differences 1.​ Religion’s Role in Social Identity ​ Religious affiliations can influence ethnic and national identities. ​ Example: -​ The interplay between culture and religion in constructing societal norms. 2  UCSP : UT 3 MADE BY: ALICIA RELAMPAGOS SY 2023 - 2024 2.​ Race ​ Comes from the idea that human beings are divided into distinct groups which have certain shared and inherited physical and behavioral characteristics. ​ Most of the time, people classify people with their race accoring to their skin color. 3.​ Age ​ The “age” of a person is usually associated with “maturity” and “wisdom” by different cultures. ​ Some perceive older people as weak while some percieve them as wise men of a community. ​ Example: -​ Older people are considered wiser by many societies and respected due to their experiences. -​ Most societies protect children as they are perceived weak and innocent. B.​ Observations about Social, Political, and Cultural Behavior, Phenomena, and Change 1.​ COVID-19 ➔​ The COVID-19 pandemic has somehow brought the world to a grinding halt. International (and even domestic) tourism is now down. ➔​ Thousands of big and small businesses shut down or operate in reduced capacities. Unemployment rates are soaring everywhere. ➔​ Global economic recession is now at hand. ➔​ International food trade is affected by lockdowns in many parts of the world, and prices of rice and other staples have steadily risen. ➔​ In the Philippines, rising inflation rate amidst supply problems brought by pandemic era instability is taking a toll on consumers. In a February 2021 dispatch, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) noted that the "(h)eadline inflation in the Philippines continued its uptrend as it went up further to 4.2 percent at the beginning of 2021. 2.​ Istambay: The Idle and the Unemployed ➔​ For a certain period of time-at the height of the Metro Manila lockdown for example-millions of our people have become istambay for a month or more, as there is no employment available, companies have shut down, and establishments were closed. ➔​ As per a PSA report (2020), the country's unemployment rate reached almost 20%. ➔​ To help the unemployed, "immediate cash transfers and income support schemes" are necessary: especially "as the crisis expands, and quarantine protocols linger..." (Dayrit and Mendoza 2020). But, supplementary measures are needed. 3.​ Texting, Internet, Online Learning, Etc. ➔​ Then and now, technology is central to information dissemination and education. ➔​ For example, during natural calamities, the Philippine government sends all citizen-cellphone subscribers with free text alerts. ​ Such system was put in place through Republic Act 10639 or the "Free Mobile Disaster Alerts Act," which requires all local telecommunications firms to "send free mobile alerts in the event of natural and man-made disasters and calamities." ➔​ COVID-19 pandemic ​ Internet is posed to play a major role in education as both public and private schools adopt online learning. 4.​ Local Public Services, Youth Volunteerism, Etc. ➔​ During pandemic, local government units (LGUs) were compelled by the circumstances swiftly act. 3  UCSP : UT 3 MADE BY: ALICIA RELAMPAGOS SY 2023 - 2024 ➔​ These LGUs accelerated offering local public services-some with suitable. innovation-from free checkups and mass testing to mobile markets/grocery stores, and from free public shuttles for workers to free laptops/tablets for students. 5.​ Political Dynasties, Elections, and Charter Change ➔​ Political dynasties dominate the country's political system from the local to the national levels. ➔​ Some politicians are now actively campaigning for constitutional change that will allow the lifting of term limits and impose 5-year terms without limits-virtually a pro-dynasty scheme that would go against the 1987 Constitution's letter and spirit which actually requires Congress to pass an Anti-Dynasty Law to weaken the hold of dynasties in Philippine politics. C.​ Definition of Anthropology, Political Science, and Sociology 1.​ Anthropology ➔​ is the study of people throughout the world, their evolutionary history, how they behave, adapt to different environments, communicate and socialize with one another. ➔​ The study of anthropology is concerned both with the biological features that make us human (such as physiology, genetic makeup, nutritional history, and evolution) and with social aspects (such as language, culture, politics, family, and religion) ➔​ It is the systematic study of humanity, with the goal of understanding our evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness as a species, and the great diversity in our forms of social existence ➔​ THREE SUB FIELDS: a.​ Sociocultural anthropologists ​ interpret the content of particular cultures, explain variation among cultures, and study processes of cultural change and social transformation ​ On topics that include: human ecology; gender relations; culture and ideology; demography and family systems; race, class and gender inequality; resistance movements; colonialism, neocolonialism, and development; and cultural politics in the West. b.​ Biological anthropologists ​ study a variety of aspects of human evolutionary biology. ​ Some examine fossils and apply their observations to understanding human evolution; others compare morphological, biochemical and physiological adaptations of living humans to their environments; still others observe behavior of nonhuman primates (monkeys and apes) to understand the roots of human behavior. c.​ Archaeologists ​ Study the material remains of present and past cultural systems to understand the technical, social and political organization of those systems and the larger culture evolutionary process that stand behind them..." ​ more anchored on the past. 2.​ Political Science ➔​ the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives. It entails understanding political ideas, ideologies, institutions, policies, processes, and behavior, as well as groups, classes, government, diplomacy, law, strategy, and war. ➔​ refers to the study of governments, public policies and political behavior." ➔​ Thus, with an emphasis on public policies and political behavior, political science is unambiguously connected with both anthropology and sociology. 3.​ Sociology ➔​ a discipline dealing with the interpretation and explanation of social action, defined as action involving orientation to the actions of one or more other actors." 4  UCSP : UT 3 MADE BY: ALICIA RELAMPAGOS SY 2023 - 2024 ➔​ Commonly defined as the scientific study of social relations, social institutions, and societies, is characterized by a great diversity of ways of conceiving its objectives, uses, styles, and methods. ➔​ is the study of societies and the complex entities and relations inside ➔​ TYPES OF SOCIOLOGISTS: 1.​ Informative function: producing data and analyses oriented toward decision makers. 2.​ Critical: identifying the defects of societies. 3.​ Main objective of explaining social phenomena II.​ Tracing Human Evolution And Sociocultural And Political Transformations A.​ Etymology of Culture ➔​ Society ​ latin word “socious” meaning companion ​ group of people sharing a common culture ​ is commonly defined as a group of people sharing a common culture, while culture is typically defined as that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society. ➔​ CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES 1.​ Tabi-Tabi Po -​ many of us were taught as kids to say “tabi po” or “tabi-tabi po” when passing by a huge tree, an anthill or termite mound, or even a dark ally. This is to ask permission to the spirits and mythical creatures that you’re passing by and so they can avoid you. We grew up listening to stories of how people who don’t pay their respects to the spirits are cursed and get sick 2.​ Harana -​ is a traditional form of courtship where in the man would sing and woo woman outside her window at night. In the old days, there was a set of protocols, a code of conduct and a specific style of music when performing harana. 3.​ Paninilbihan -​ A traditional courtship practice, this is when the man “serves” the woman’s family by doing manual labor (cutting wood for cooking, fetching water from the well). This is to show that he is capable of taking care of her and their future family. 4.​ Chicken Blood On Your Birthday -​ This is a tradition that was more commonly done in the province. As tradition goes, the birthday celebrant will be anointed with fresh chicken blood by an elder on their forehead. This is a way of blessing the person, as well as ward off any bad luck. 5.​ Pukpok -​ Getting circumcised has always been seen as a Rite of passage for male Filipinos. traditional circumcision or “pukpok” involved using a subokan, which is a piece of wood used for circumcision. The method of pukpok does not use anesthesia, nor does the person performing the task have any medical training. ➔​ CULTURE ​ The complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a Member Of Society (E.B. TAYLOR 1920) ​ latin word “cultivatio” which itself evokes inherently developmental notions such as growth, biological idea of cultivating crops. ​ Shows how humans' ability to till the land—to engage in agriculture to produce food-forms part of the foundation of what we now call as culture. 5  UCSP : UT 3 MADE BY: ALICIA RELAMPAGOS SY 2023 - 2024 ​ the term "culture" originally evoked the notion of cultivatio," a Latin word "which itself evokes inherently developmental notions such as growth, maturation, and progress," ➔​ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7356 ​ Law Creating The National Commission For Culture And Arts ​ CULTURE as a manifestation of the freedom of belief and of expression and is human right to be accorded due respect and allowed to flourish. ​ The filipino national culture should be: a.​ independent, free of political and economic structures which inhibit cultural sovereignty; b.​ equitable, effectively creating and distributing cultural opportunities and correcting the imbalance that has long prejudiced the poor and other marginalized sectors who have the least opportunities for cultural development and growth; c.​ dynamic, continuously developing in peace with scientific, technological, social, economic and political changes both in national and international levels; d.​ progressive, developing the vast potential of all Filipinos as responsible change agents of society; and e.​ humanistic, ensuring the freedom and creativity of the human spirit ​ RA No. 7356 points out that the country's cultural policies should be a.​ pluralistic, fostering deep respect for the cultural identity of each locality, region or ethno-linguistic locality, as well as elements assimilated from other cultures through the natural process of acculturation b.​ democratic, encouraging and supporting the participation of the vast masses of our people in its programs and projects c.​ non-partisan, open to all people and institution, regardless of creed, affiliation, ideology, ethnic origin, age, gender or class, with no organized group or sector having monopoly of its services d.​ liberative having concern for the decolonization and emancipation of the Filipino psyche in order to ensure the full flowering of Filipino culture. ➔​ TYPES OF CULTURE: 1.​ Material Culture -​ objects or belongings of a group of people. -​ tangible culture 2.​ Non-material Culture -​ consists of ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society. B.​ Characteristics of Culture 1.​ Culture is Learned ​ We learn culture from the people we interact with as we enter society. ​ Culture is not biologically inherited. ​ ENCULTURATION -​ Individuals obtain and transmit aspects of their society’s culture. -​ Example: ​ We learn traditions like celebrating Christmas and New Year through enculturation. We learn to accept this as a cultural norm and cultural tradition. ​ we acquire cultural understanding through experience and observation through the process of enculturation-the means in which individuals obtain and transmit aspects of their society's culture. ​ It is this context that language plays a huge role in every culture, as among the primary means in which culture is transmitted. 6  UCSP : UT 3 MADE BY: ALICIA RELAMPAGOS SY 2023 - 2024 2.​ Culture is Symbolic ​ It provides meanings to every human expression be it in words or deeds, with both verbal and nonverbal symbols whose meanings are formed and accepted by societies through their own processes. ​ Such capability to engage in the complex, arbitrary, and conventions-based processes of forming symbols and meaning-making distinguishes human beings from other animals. ​ This also explains the differences in the way signs and symbols are understood. ​ Verbal Symbols -​ Myths, folklores, songs, riddles, and jokes are usually shared from generation to generation through spoken language. ​ Non-verbal Symbols -​ Certain hand signals like the "okay" signal can mean a good thing in one culture and an offensive thing in another culture. 3.​ Culture is Shared ​ It is rooted in and is transmitted in/by/through groups/societies. Indeed, culture is commonly known as the shared ideas, beliefs, values, concepts, memories, understandings, etc. which prevail in a society. ​ May also be contested - its subject to various interpretations (social differentiations) ❖​ Example: -​ The values, beliefs, actions, and language of a Filipino man living in poverty is different from the values, beliefs, actions, and language of a rich Filipina woman. ​ Subculture acts very much like a culture. Groups share the characteristics of a subculture. It possesses different elements from the larger culture but it still shares common aspects of the culture from which it was derived. ❖​ Example: -​ New generations of Filipino Americans born in America share the national culture of Americans while still having Filipino cultures. 4.​ Culture is Dynamic ​ Culture is dynamic, flexible, and adaptive because it lends itself to change or transformation. ​ Any given culture may borrow or adopt positive elements from other cultures, and it can also change or transform as times change or more precisely, to adapt to changing times. ❖​ Example: women's political participation through exercising the right to vote. 5.​ Culture is Integrated ​ Culture is integrated because it relies on social patterns or systems that are embedded in societies. ​ It is also all-encompassing as it includes all aspects of one society's way of life. ​ Hence, in many occasions, culture is also expressed in terms of core values or values that most people in a society accepts, appreciates, and cultivates as their own. C.​ Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism ➔​ Ethnocentrism ​ The act of judging another culture from the perspective of one’s own ​ Views the other culture “as inferior when compared to one’s own” ​ One's own perspective is judged as right while the other is judged as wrong or less than ​ It considers the viewer's definition of the truth, as the absolute one—the only correct one, the only acceptable way of life, so to speak. ​ Extreme forms of ethnocentrism are also labeled as cultural chauvinism -​ "the sense of superiority that ethnic or national groups have of themselves relative to others" 7  UCSP : UT 3 MADE BY: ALICIA RELAMPAGOS SY 2023 - 2024 ❖​ Example: -​ If you think that the Yulin Dog Meat Festival in Guangxi, China, where people eat dog meat to celebrate, because you see dogs as pets, then you are experiencing ethnocentrism. -​ If you find it odd, weird, or funny that Hindus give respect and honor cows because you see cows as sources of meat and dairy, then you are experiencing ethnocentrism. -​ MANIFESTATIONS: ​ "The worst manifestation of ethnocentrism in Europe was realised under [Adolf] Hitler of Germany. During the Second World War (1939-1945) over 6 million Jews perished in the Nazi concentration camps." ​ Conflicts brought by ethnocentrism lead many to embrace cultural relativism instead ➔​ Cultural Relativism ​ is the principle that a person's beliefs and behavior should be viewed and understood from that person's culture. ​ It considers all perspectives as equally valid, that "truth" relies on the individual's or his/her culture's definition of what the truth is. ​ Cultural relativism mitigates ethnocentrism by understanding a behavior, value, or belief based on its own cultural standards. ❖​ Example: -​ Realizing that accents are a part of a culture's language and heritage and is nothing to be made fun of. D.​ Biological Evolution ➔​ Human Evolution ​ refers to the "lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors," scientifically validated by evidence showing "that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years" ​ Most accounts of the human biological evolution include at least four human species, namely Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens, though some include Australopithecus afarensis in tracing the "human lineage" and others also list Homo heidelbergensis. ➔​ Four major steps in "the evolution of modern humans from our hominid ancestor," 1.​ evolving terrestriality (ability to live on the ground in contrast to living in trees or in the seas, 2.​ bipedalism (moving from one place to another using one's feet or two limbs), 3.​ a large brain (encephalization) 4.​ development of what we now call as "civilization" ➔​ Another Research divided the major steps of evolution in three phases: 1.​ bipedalism and changing habitats "through the Pliocene" (roughly 5.3 to 2.6 million years ago) 2.​ use of "tools" and "hands," and "increasing brain size" in the Pliocene and Pleistocene (approximately 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago); 3.​ developing "language, culture, and lifeways in the Pleistocene." ➔​ Names of Species: 1.​ Homo habilis means "handy man" (skillful in doing small tasks), implying the use of basic tools; 2.​ Homo erectus means "upright man," emphasizing humankind's evolution toward standing and walking up straight; 3.​ Homo sapiens means "wise man" implying relative intelligence that built today's civilization. 8  UCSP : UT 3 MADE BY: ALICIA RELAMPAGOS SY 2023 - 2024 ➔​ SUMMARY: ❖​ Homo habilis: associated with butchered animal bones and simple stone tools; ❖​ Homo erectus: "lacked the forelimb adaptations for climbing seen in Australopithecus" and considered "ecologically flexible, with the cognitive capacity to adapt and thrive in vastly different environments"; ❖​ Homo heidelbergensis: "very much like us in terms of body proportions, dental adaptations, and cognitive ability... an active big-game hunter, produced sophisticated Levallois style tools, and...had learned to control fire"; ❖​ Homo neanderthalensis: "cold-adapted hominins with stout physiques, complex behaviors, and brains similar in size to ours, are thought to have evolved from H. heidelbergensis populations"; and our species ❖​ Homo sapiens: "evolved in Africa...probably from H. heidelbergensis," with "increased behavioral sophistication...as indicated by our large brains (1,400cc) and archeological evidence of a broader tool set and clever hunting techniques," which enabled our species "to flourish and grow on the African continent" E.​ Cultural and Socio-Political Evolution ➔​ Hunting-and-gathering societies ​ refer to relatively small and simple societies in which people sustain themselves through hunting and gathering food. ​ These societies-whose members are called hunter-gatherers or foragers-came into existence around 12,000 years ago. ​ All humans are said to hunter-gatherers until "agriculture and animal domestication emerged in southwest Asia and in Mesoamerica," approximately 12,000 to 11,000 years ago. ​ Then, humans relied on nature for sustenance, hence they have fewer possessions and societies are generally egalitarian or having no or little inequalities. ❖​ The indigenous Hadza people of Tanzania is among the world's last hunter-gatherer tribes. ❖​ The Agta people of northeastern Luzon, Philippines were formerly a hunting-gathering society that was forced to adjust. ➔​ Horticultural and pastoral societies ​ tend to be larger than hunting-and-gathering societies. ​ Members of horticultural societies are known to grow some crops using basic tools, while pastoral societies are generally nomadic people who raise livestock or domesticated animals raised for food and to produce useful commodities such as fur and leather. ​ These societies have slightly more possessions than the hunting-and-gathering societies. ​ They experience more instances of inequalities and conflict due to disputes on grazing lands and lands for crops, for example. ➔​ Agricultural societies ​ go beyond horticultural societies by growing a larger number of crops using relatively more developed tools such as plows and beasts of burden such as oxen. ​ As these societies are able to grow crops beyond the basic needs of their communities, they actually have surplus harvest at times which they can either sell or barter. ​ Hence, agricultural societies are generally wealthier than the aforementioned societies. ➔​ Agricultural or Neolithic Revolution (societies above) ​ that marked the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. ​ Among such oldest transitions "has been identified as dating to between 14,500 and 12,000* years before the present times, in Southwest Asia. ​ The emergence of agricultural societies is considered a historical and civilizational milestone because "(a)s bands of hunter-gatherers began domesticating plants and animals, they quit the nomadic life, building villages and towns that endured for thousands of years" 9  UCSP : UT 3 MADE BY: ALICIA RELAMPAGOS SY 2023 - 2024 ➔​ AGRICULTURAL VS INDUSTRIAL ​ Agricultural societies -​ rely on the soil's fertility for human sustenance, ​ Industrial societies -​ manufacture products/commodities from raw materials through the use of machines. -​ Industrial societies are wealthier than other societies -​ Industrial societies first emerged in the 1750s, when innovations in the United Kingdom paved the way for the transition from mechanical/hand-reliant production to machine-driven, factory production. -​ The significance of the Industrial Revolution is best summarized by the observation that "(a)lmost all the gains in human well-being in history happened since the Industrial Revolution" (Piper 2018). ❖​ Post-industrial societies ​ where high-skilled professionals in the information technology sector play a major role in the economy, and where most jobs are in the service sector (business process outsourcing/BPO, banks, malls, stock market, real estate, to name a few). ​ Wealth is generated through services rather than products, though, it can be argued that these services also rely on tangible products. ​ For example, jobs in the information technology sector such as data analysts, would necessitate using computers/ laptops and other materials that also need to be manufactured. 10