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di po sakin template hehe tnx po MAIN TOPIC SUBTOPIC I SUBTOPIC II KEYWORDS NATURAL SCIENCE VS. POLITICAL SCIENCE - ### NATURAL SCIENCE - - ### SOCIAL SCIENCE - - - SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND POLITICAL SCIENCE ### SOCIOLOGY - - - - - - - **GOALS OF S...

di po sakin template hehe tnx po MAIN TOPIC SUBTOPIC I SUBTOPIC II KEYWORDS NATURAL SCIENCE VS. POLITICAL SCIENCE - ### NATURAL SCIENCE - - ### SOCIAL SCIENCE - - - SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND POLITICAL SCIENCE ### SOCIOLOGY - - - - - - - **GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY** 1. 2. #### **BASTA MGA TAO NA MAY TINABANG SA SOCIOLOGY** **AUGUST COMTE (1798-1857)** - - - - **KARL MARX (1818-1883)** - **EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917)** - - - **MAX WEBER (1864-1920)** - - ### ANTHROPOLOGY - - - **GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY** 1. 2. **BASTA MGA TAO NA MAY TINABANG SA ANTHROPOLOGY** **CHARLES DARWIN** - - **descent through a branching pattern of evolution** **FRANZ BOAS** - - - **BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI** - - - **EDWARD B. TYLOR** - **BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **Forensics** - also known as **criminalistics**; the **application of science to criminal and civil laws** mainly on the criminal side during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure ### POLITICAL SCIENCE - - - #### **[3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT]** 1. 2. 3. **Executive branch** - **Legislative branch** - - \- Each senators serves a total of six years \- Elected at-large; do not represent any geographical district **Judiciary branch** - **GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE** 1. 2. 3. - ### CULTURE - - - ### SOCIETY - - **CLASSIFICATION OF CULTURE** A. B. **[Material culture]** - - - - - - **[Non-material culture]** - - - - - - - ### ELEMENTS OF CULTURE a. - - b. - - - - - c. - - d. - - e. - - **Examples:** 1. 2. 3. **[Formal Norms]** - - **Examples:** 1. 2. - **Examples:** 1. 2. **[Informal Norms]** - **Examples:** 1. 2. 3. 4. **f) Taboos** - **Examples:** 1. 2. 3. DIFFERENT KINDS OF CULTURE - ### DOMINANT/MAINSTREAM CULTURE - - ### SUBCULTURE - Hypebeast culture is typically associated with an array of luxury streetwear brands, notably ones with a hefty price tag or an iconic logo, including: Supreme, Nike,etc. - ### COUNTERCULTURE - - ### HIGH CULTURE -  - ### POPULAR CULTURE - among society's population (ex: Watching local TV shows; eating at fast food restaurants and carinderias; buying from ukay-ukay) ### FILIPINO CULTURE **Hospitality** - Filipinos are welcoming to others (even strangers) and will definitely offer comfort when people arrive at a Filipino house **Close Family Ties** - Filipinos value their family (mother, father, grandparents, children) more than anyone and anything else. **Respect for Elders** - Filipinos recognize their elderly as figures of authority. It is unthinkable for a Filipino to do an important thing without consulting his parents, or grandparents, even. **Loyalty** - Do a Filipino a little favor and they remember you to the end of their days, for to the Filipino, friendship is sacred and should be mutual under all circumstances. **Sensitive** - Filipinos would not tolerate anyone berating their fellow countrymen. They are easily annoyed when a foreigner, for instance, makes a sweeping generalization that is not flattering to Filipinos. **Lack of Initiative** - this trait is explained by the natural fear of competition, for Filipino society is cooperative, not competitive. **Curious** - The Filipino (being childlike) is naturally curious but tainted with sympathy **Regionalistic** - Filipinos think not in terms of national boundaries but in regional oneness (ie: Bicol Region, Tagalog Region, Visayan Region, etc) **Pakikisama** - may be translated loosely as the intensive signification of camaraderie or spirit of comradeship, the main elements of which are unselfishness and good faith. - ASPECTS OF CULTURE ### DYNAMIC, FLEXIBLE, AND ADAPTIVE **[Dynamic]** - Culture changes constantly throughout the time **[Flexible]** - The organization and the people in it, are capable of adapting effectively to changing demands **[Adaptive]** - It does not remain stagnant **Examples:** - - ### SHARED & CONTESTED - - **Example:** You have a classmate who grew up in the USA and only started living in the Philippines a few months ago. You help him learn our culture by asking him to play outdoor games like patintero and to eat Filipino dishes like adobo and sinigang. Interacting with other people is a good way to share our culture and get to know theirs. - **Examples:** 1. 2. ### LEARNED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION OR ENCULTURATION - **[Enculturation]** - Refers to the process through which we learn about the culture we live in - - - **Example:** Jill is a 16-year-old junior high school student. She lives with her parents and two younger brothers in a small town. Jill\'s parents are both very religious. Her family attends church every Sunday, and Jill is a member of the youth choir. Jill\'s parents encourage all of their children to be kind, respectful, and to follow the rules. ### PATTERNED SOCIAL INTERACTIONS - **[Social interaction]** - mutual influence of two or more people on each other's behavior and its foundation of the whole social order; can help us filter the parts of the culture that we learned so that we can identify what suits us and what does not **5 PATTERNS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION** **[Exchange]** - **Example:** You help your mother wash the dishes so that she will let you come to your friend's sleepover. **[Cooperation]** - **Example:** A husband and wife should cooperate in raising their children. Without it, their children will not grow up the way they want them to. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- There are also negative social interactions that are necessary in order to develop or sharpen behavior and culture. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **[Competition ]** - **Example:** You studied and practiced hard and eventually won. Even if you had lost, at least you were still able to enhance your skills. **[Conflict]** - - **Example:** You and your sibling fight over the TV almost every night, but when conflict arises between you and your parents, you and your sibling team up. **[Coercion]** - - ### INTEGRATED AND AT TIMES UNSTABLE - - **Example:** You and your sibling fight over little things almost everyday. When you came to school the next day, you saw your sibling being bullied by his classmates. You immediately came to his aid, supported each other, and stopped the bullies. This scenario shows that even if you and your sibling fight almost everyday, you will still opt to unite in time of need. - - ### TRANSMITTED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION/ENCULTURATION **[Socialization]** - Process of learning and internalizing rules and patterns of society (Sociological perspective) **[Enculturation]** - Process of learning and adopting ways and manners of culture (Anthropological perspective) ### REQUIRES LANGUAGE AND OTHER FORMS OF COMMUNICATION - language and other forms of communication within their context. - - - **Example:** Our first interaction with a friend is usually with a smile. - ### IDEAL CULTURE VS. REAL CULTURE - - - - - - - **Respect for all:** The ideal culture promotes respect for all individuals, regardless of their backgrounds. However, in real culture, instances of racism, discrimination and prejudice persist. **Honesty:** Ideal culture dictates that all individuals should be honest. Yet, in real culture, people sometimes lie or deceive for various reasons. **Law obedience:** Ideal culture asserts that all citizens should obey the law, but in real culture, crimes occur regularly despite the existence of these laws. ### CULTURAL VARIATION - ### SIGNIFICANT REASONS FOR CULTURAL VARIATION 1. 2. **Example:** T\'boli Tribe is one of the well known tribal groups in Mindanao. This tribal group is living a traditional way comparable with how their ancestors lived centuries ago. They are also known for wonderful woven fabrics, and beautiful brass ornaments. Their culture is richly connected with and inspired by nature. They have a distinctive and very well preserved culture that is keeping their characteristics and Asian traditions alive. 3. ### **SOCIETY** \- Group of people who share the same laws, rights, and resources **SOCIAL DIFFERENCE** \- the differences among individuals based on their social characteristics & qualities ### COMMON SOCIAL DIFFERENCES AMONG PEOPLE **Gender** - socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes **Gender roles** -- attitudes and behaviors that the society expects a person **Socio-economic class** -- high income, middle income, low income class **Ethnicity** -- ethnic group who have common culture, language, and history **Race** -- group of people who shares inherited physical characteristics such as skin color and facial features SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL CHANGE - ### SOCIAL CHANGE - - ### CULTURAL CHANGE - - - ### POLITICAL CHANGE - ### ### SOURCES OF CHANGE **[INNOVATION]** - independent invention to creatively find solutions to problems **1) Primary innovation** - occurs when an individual or a group comes up with a completely new idea, method, or device **Example:** The invention of photography has altered how people view reality as it allows individuals to capture moments and record events through video cameras **2) Secondary Innovation** - occurs when an individual or a group further develops or improves on an already existing idea, method, or device  **[DIFFUSION]** - the act of spreading culture, tradition, objects, and ideas to other societies **Example:** use of silk cloth was introduced by the Chinese to Filipinos through trade **[ASSIMILATION]** - process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture become similar to another culture or language **Example:** the pansit may have originated from the Chinese but the "palabok" and "hab-hab" are true Filipino version **[ACCULTURATION]** - process by which a group adopts the dominant culture; the identity of one group remains the same but modified **Example:** Americans who migrated in the Philippines have learned to speak Tagalog, say "po" and "opo" and even "mano po" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Overall, social, cultural, and political change matter to human life, society, and progress because they serve as barometers to the rise and fall of a society. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ETHNOCENTRISM, XENOCENTRISM, CULTURAL RELATIVISM - ### ETHNOCENTRISM - - - #### **EXAMPLES OF ETHNOCENTRISM** **[Education]** - - - **[Cultural Bias]** - - - - #### **EFFECT ON SOCIETIES** 1. 2. 3. 4. #### **HOW TO MITIGATE IT** **"How do we lessen the impact of ethnocentrism when dealing with different cultures?"** **1.** "Study the cultural context in which the action occurs." **2.** "Determine the circumstances of time, place, and condition surrounding it." **3.** "Learn the reasoning that underlies it and the moral value it reflects." **- Vincent Ruggiero, "The Moral Imperative: Ethical Issues forDiscussion and Writing"** - ### XENOCENTRISM - - ### CULTURAL RELATIVISM - - #### **EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM** - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Mocking people | Realizing that accents are part | | | of a culture's language and | | from other countries for their | heritage and is nothing to be | | foreign accents | made fun of; how a person speaks | | | is a part of their identity | +===================================+===================================+ | Muslims in America experience the | Understanding and accepting | | effect | cultural | | | | | "Islamophobia" through | differences do not warrant human | | discrimination, hatred, and in | rights violations. We should | | some cases, killings | celebrate and | | | | | | learn from our differences and | | | respect each other's ways of | | | living | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hindu attire and jewelry used for | Sacred and traditional elements | | specific cultural | of a culture should be regarded | | | with respect. We should | | events are being worn and used by | understand that these | | other people | | | | garments and jewelry are | | simply because of their aesthetic | beautiful because they are | | quality with no | meaningful and we should not | | | lessen their meaning by using | | regard to their cultural meaning | them as mere accessories. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **How does cultural relativism mitigate ethnocentrism?** - - **Why is it important to employ Cultural Relativism?** - - IDENTIFYING FORMS OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE AND THE THREATS TO THESE - ### HERITAGE - - - ### TANGIBLE HERITAGE - #### **IMPORTANCE** **1)** Study of human society as they give a context and basis for our ideas of the past and how we are in the present **2)** Preservation of tangible heritage shows that we value the past and "the stories they tell" **3)** Preserved objects from a culture "validate our memories" showing us that the past indeed happened #### **THREATS** - - - - - ### INTANGIBLE HERITAGE - #### **THREATS** Young people not participating in practicing and learning of intangible heritage: - - - - - - BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION OF EARLY TO MODERN HUMANS - ### BIOLOGICAL OR GENETIC EVOLUTION - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Hominids** -- modern and | **Hominins** -- modern | | | | | extinct Great Apes (Orangutans, | and extinct human | | chimpanzees, gorillas, and their | | | ancestors) | species and all our | | | | | | ancestors | | | | | |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL EVOLUTION - ### CULTURAL EVOLUTION - ### STAGES OF CULTURAL EVOLUTION #### **PALEOLITHIC PERIOD: CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT** - - - - - - - - - #### **PALEOLITHIC PERIOD: SOCIO-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT** - #### **NEOLITHIC PERIOD: CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT** - - - - #### **NEOLITHIC PERIOD: SOCIO-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT** - - - **[PHILIPPINE ARTIFACTS DURING NEOLITHIC PERIOD]** - - #### **AGE OF METALS: CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT** - #### **AGE OF METALS: CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT** - - - **[PHILIPPINE ARTIFACTS DURING THE METAL AGE]** - +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Paleolithic age** | **Neolithic age** | **Metal age** | | | | | | \- Unpolished | \- Polished stone | \- Use of metals | | | | | | stone tools | tools | -Tribe, empires, | | | | | | \- Hunting and | \- Domestication | and state | | | | | | gathering | of plants and animals | \- Civilization | | | | | | \- Nomadic way of | \- Living in | | | living | | | | | permanent | | | | | | | | place | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ ### EARLY CIVILIZATION AND RISE OF STATE **First Civilizations** \- appeared in major river valleys, where floodplains contained rich soil and the rivers provided irrigation for crops and a means of transportation. Foundational civilizations developed urbanization and complexity without outside influence and without building on a pre-existing civilization, though they did not all develop simultaneously. #### **MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION** - - - - - - - **[Religion]** **Polytheism** - belief in many gods **Ziggurat** - A pyramidal stepped temple tower that is an architectural and religious structure characteristic of the major cities of Mesopotamia (now mainly in Iraq). +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Social classes** | | | | \- Priests & Aristocrats (kings) | | | | \- Civil Servants | | | | \- Ordinary workers: Craftsmen, | | | | \- peasants | | | | \- Slaves | | | | - - - | | | | **Dynasty** -- a series of rules descending | | | | from a single family line. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ #### **EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION** \- one of the most important civilizations in History; emerged more than 5,000 years ago, along the Nile River in the Northeast of Africa. - The Pharaoh was **all powerful**: \- Passed laws \- Ruled the country \- Owned most of the land \- Controlled trade and led the armies *Egyptians **believed that the pharaohs were gods*** \- the biggest tombs were the spectacular pyramids which were built for the pharaohs **[Social Class]** - - - - - - - - **[Religion]** - - - #### **INDUS CIVILIZATION (INDUS RIVER)** - **[INDUS CIVILIZATION: OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS]** - - - **Social Class/City State** - **Architecture** - **Religion** - #### **ANCIENT CHINA CIVILIZATION (HUANG HO)** - **[Social Class]** - - **[Architecture]** - - **[Religion]** - - **[Other contributions]** - - ### DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SOCIOCULTURAL DEVELOPMENT #### **HUNTING AND GATHERING** - - - **[CHARACTERISTICS]** Nomadic Small population and population growth Minimal social inequality #### **HORTICULTURAL AND PASTORAL** - - - #### **AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES** - - #### **INDUSTRIAL** - - **[CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION]** Advances in water transportation and conquest of the New World Invention of the printing press and the spread of information Advances in agriculture Greater informational resources and a larger population Changing attitudes towards innovation The desire for ever higher standards of living **First phase: mid-18th century** Innovation of the 1st steam engine Advances in textile, iron, and coal industries **Second phase: mid-19th century** Rapid growth of railroad industry Mass production of steel Replacement of sail ships with steamships Use of new technology in agriculture **Third phase: World War II** Developments in aviation, aluminum, electronics, plastics, nuclear power, computers, and automation **Fourth phase: 20th century** Rapid growth of automobile Electricity Growth of petroleum industries **[SOCIAL STRATIFICATION]** \- As technologies of societies advanced, power diversified as well as the means to gain wealth and status. \- Therefore, social stratification became more complex. More inequality emerged from having more opportunities to increase social status. ** Political stratification** ** Distribution of income and wealth** ** Occupational stratification** ** Educational stratification** ** Racial and ethnic stratification** ** Age and Sex stratification** **Industrial Societies: Ideology and Politics** **-** More information meant more questioning of traditional beliefs. \- New ideologies came to light which affected the way people believe how society should be governed. Democracy Mass media as a political force Expansion of governmental bureaucracy **Industrial Societies: Technologies and Economies** \- Advances in technology changed production and consumption which made a great impact in the economy. Rise in productivity and standard of living Changes in labor force Modern corporations