UCSP Reviewer Q1 PDF

SOCIAL SCIENCES \"Social Science is a body of knowledge and thought pertaining to human affairs as distinguished from stick. stones, stars, and physical objects\". -**Charles Beard** \-- comprise academic disciplines concerned with study of social life of human groups, animals, and individuals. *...

SOCIAL SCIENCES \"Social Science is a body of knowledge and thought pertaining to human affairs as distinguished from stick. stones, stars, and physical objects\". -**Charles Beard** \-- comprise academic disciplines concerned with study of social life of human groups, animals, and individuals. **Branches of social sciences** **[History]** \- study of the past/human history **[Geography]** -study of the relationship between people and places **[Economics]** -study of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. **[Philosophy]** -study of the nature of existence **[Linguistics]** -the scientific study of language **[Psychology]** -study of the human mind and behaviour **[Anthropology]** \- comparative study of humans as a group, from its first appearance on earth to its present stage of development. anthropos -mankind/being logos-study/science study of human being. Anthropology also focuses on: 1\. Origin of humans \* Out of Africa Theory 2\. Evolutionary development of humans 3\. Human physical, biochemical and cultural variations 4\. Material possessions and cultural heritages of humans **Branches of Anthropology** **[A. Biological or physical Anthropology]** -study of humans as biological organisms, including evolution and contemporary variation \* Theory of Use and Disuse **[B. Archaeology ]** -study of past human cultures through their material remains \*Tabon Man -believe to be the first person to live in the Philippines 47,000 yrs (until 2007) \* Callao Man \- Peñablanca, Cagayan (76,000 yrs) **[C. Linguistic Anthropology]** -study of human communication including its origin, history, and contemporary variation and change. \*Language -have its own syntax, grammar, vocabulary \*Dialect -is a variation of language **[D. Cultural Anthropology]** -study of living peoples and their cultures, including variation and change **[E. Applied Anthropology]** \- use of anthropological knowledge to prevent or solve problems or to shape and achieve policy goals. SOCIOLOGY socius-society (latin) logos-study/ science (greek) **Frenchman Auguste Comte** -first used the term sociology **Society** \- a group of people who live within some type of bounded territory and who share a common way of life **Culture** \- common way of life shared by a society or a group Collectivist Culture Individualistic culture **SOCIAL THEORIES** \- used to study and interpret social phenomenon e.g. Endless Poverty, Wars **[A. Symbolic-Interactionism Perspective ]** \- this theory argues that behavior is deeply influenced by definitions and symbolic meanings. \*Human beings are meaning makers. **[B. Functionalist Perspective]** -It emphasizes on the interconnected relationships between various systems within society. -concerned how part and whole influence each other. \*Parts have to cooperate and work together in order to keep society in STATE OF BALANCE. \*aspects of society are considered FUNCTIONAL if they help social stability, or DYSFUNCTIONAL if they do not. \*There is peace and stability in the society. **[C. Conflict Perspective]** -conflict perspective looks at society as being composed of groups with their own distinct interests. \* theory originates from **KARL MARX**. **Stage of Industrialization** \- separate classes of people emerge those who earn wage (proletariat) and those who own the means of production (bourgeoisie) \* Communism - equalizing distributing the resources. POLITICAL SCIENCE \- \"Political\" greek word polis meaning city, or a Sovereign state -\"Science\" from the latin scire, \"to know\" -the systematic study of the State and government. **[State]** -community of persons, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control. **Elements of the State** **[1. People (POPULATION)]** -inhabitants living within the state e.g. smallest- vatican city (800) largest-India (1,000,000,000) **[2. Territory]** -includes the terrestrial fluvial, maritime and aerial jurisdiction of a country. \*maritime (larger body of water) -labas ng bansa/nakapaligid e.g. WPS \*coastal baseline -outline of Philippine area \*territorial sea (rights over aerial, underneath & body\'s of water) -(22km/12 nautical mile) \*exclusive economic zone (rights over underneath & body but not necessarily aerial) -(200 nautical mile/ 370 km) **[3. Government]** -the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out. \* Government = Agency Administration (working in the government) **3 Branches of the Government** ***a. Legislative*** -senate, congressman, house of representatives. -writes law. -senate president (head) ***b. Executive*** -president (head) -enforces the laws ***C. Judiciary*** -court -interprets the meaning of laws -chief justice (head) **[4. Sovereignty]** -The supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience its will to people within its jurisdiction and corollarily, to have freedom from foreign control \- part of the state even outside the country ***a. Internal Sovereignty*** -the power of the state to rule within its territory ***b. External Sovereignty*** - the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection to or control by other states often referred to as independence e.g. Taiwan, Israel \*(UN)dapat mag-agree lahat para maging isang official state ang isang lugar STATE AND NATION state \[political concept\] nation \[ethnic concept\] \* Nation is culturally associated e.g. Aldub Nation, US-Multi Nation, Arabian Nation (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, Iran) \* Jus soli-birthplace(US) \* Jus sanguinis - blood (Phil.) \"Airplanes of the Philippines are extension territory of the country.\" **FORMS OF GOVERNMENT** **I. As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers** **[A. Monarchy]** -the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a SINGLE PERSON without regard to the source of his election or the nature or duration of his texture. **Two Types of Monarchy** ***1. Absolute Monarchy*** -rulers rules by divine right \*The supreme being appointed a person to govern a state. e.g. Sultanate (Saudi Arabia), Pope (Vatican City) ***2. Limited Monarchy (or Constitutional Monarchy)*** -rulers rules in accordance with a constitution e.g. lords, kings (spain -1917 constitution) **[B. Aristocracy]** -political power is exercised by a FEW PRIVILEGED CLASS known as an aristocracy (rule of the best) or oligarchy (rule of the few) e.g. Russian Nobility (Noble Class) **[C. Democracy]** -political power is exercised by MAJORITY OF THE PEOPLE. **Two Types of Democracy** ***1. Direct or pure democracy*** -DIRECT PARTICIPATION of citizens / electorate in democratic decision making e.g. Athens ***2. Indirect, representative or republican democracy*** -the citizens of a country VOTE FOR REPRESENTATIVES to handle legislation and otherwise rule that entity on their behalf. e.g. Philippines, Mexico **II. As to the power exercised by the central government or national government** **[\*National Government ]** \- addresses national issues or concerns ***A. Unitary Government*** -control of national and local affairs is exercised by the CENTRAL OR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. e.g. South Korea ***B. Federal Government*** -powers of the government are divided between two sets, one of NATIONAL AFFAIRS and others for LOCAL AFFAIRS e.g.USA, Canada **III. As to relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the government** **[A. Presidential Government ]** -President is both head of state and head of government. The separation of power serves as the CHECK AND BALANCE of certain actuations of either branch of government. e.g. Argentina **[B. Parliamentary Government ]** -has clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state. \*The PRIME MINISTER is the head of government. The PRESIDENT is the head of State. -there is fusion of powers between the executive and legislative branches e\. g. Uk, Japan \*prime minister handles political affairs CULTURE \- patterned ways of thinking, feeling, and reacting acquired and transmitted mainly by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiment artifacts. **-kluckhohn**, 1951 -peoples learned and shared behavior and beliefs. **Characteristics of Culture** **[1. Culture is learned ]** \- It is not inherent or inborn instead acquired nature- innate nurture - natututunan -to acquire culture, one should have the POWER OF REASON **[2. Culture is normative]** \- It guides people to do things in conformity with the people\'s ACCEPTED NORMS which they use to regulate their ways. **[3. Culture is Adaptive ]** -Culture adapts itself to and around its geographical setting. Culture is dynamic. No culture is completely static. \* Culture change by diffusion, transmission, borrowing, assimilation and other social processes **[4. Culture is Diverse]** \- there are various social structures, beliefs, values and other practices that people use in adapting to a given situation. e.g. Inemuri (japan)- sleeping during work hours **[5. Culture is Gratifying ]** -Culture is a system for satisfying the social and psychological needs of human. e.g. FAMILY -the need to love and be loved, to feel important and needed, to nourish and to be nurtured, and to extend oneself to other people are basic human needs. **Types of Culture** **[1. Material Culture]** -tangible creations of human society -includes objects, artifacts or any concrete elements of culture perceived as important parts or products of any behavior system of human past, present and future. e.g.Museum **[2. Non-material Culture]** -intagible components of human society e.g. respect, lifestyle -includes the habits. ideas customs, and behavior that any society professes and strives to conform. They also include laws, techniques, lifestyle, and knowledge **Components of Culture** **[1. Symbols]** -anything that carrier particular meaning/s recognized by members of a culture -Symbol allow people to make sense of their life. e.g. \"Batok\" for Kalinga , \"Fatek\" for the Bontoas, \"Burik\" for the Ibalois **[2. Language ]** -system of symbols used by members of a society to communicate with one another. -Language is the most important means of cultural transmission because it sustain\'s culture from one generation to the next **[3. Values]** -standards by which members of a culture distinguish the desirable from the undesirable; what is good from what is bad, the beautiful from the ugly -Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching belief a culture\'s belief -Beliefs largely influence thoughts and behaviors **[4. Technology]** -application of cultural knowledge to the task of living in a physical environment e.g. Hologram **[5. Norms]** -rules that guide behavior Cultural Norms -implicit and explicit guidance on what to think and believe, how to behave, and how to interact with others **4 Types of Cultural Norms** ***1. Folkways*** -observe in casual social interactions and which - are repetitive in nature -mark the distinction between RUDE and POLITE behaviors ***2. Mores*** -determine what is considered MORAL and ETHICAL behavior as they have structure to distinguish between right and wrong. \- results in DISAPPROVAL OR OSTRACIZING (excluded) ***3. Taboos*** -a strict prohibition of behavior that society holds so strongly that violating it results is extreme disgust or expulsion from the group or society ***4. Laws*** -a formal body of rules enacted by the state and backed by the power of the state. e.g. Widows must wait 301 days Before they can marry again. (Penal Code) HUMAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION -Cultural Changes in the distinctive way of life of people -Change implies a variation, modification, or alteration in a phenomenon through time. **Pre-history** -period of time before written records or human documentation **Stone Ages** -primary stone **[a. Paleolithic Stone Age (or old Stone Age)]** \- hunters and gatherers \- nomadic \- they get what they need in the environment -used basic stone and bone tools as well as crude stone axes for hunting birds and wild animals. -The end of this period marked the end of the Ice Age, which resulted in the extinction of many large mammals and rising sea levels and climate Change. **[b. Mesolithic Stone Age (or Middle Stone Age)]** \- nomadic to more permanent settlements -sedentary (discovery of agriculture) -used small and polished stone tools **[C. Neolithic Stone Age (or New Stone Age)]** -switched agriculture and food production \- domestication of animals and plants \- Advancement in farming, home construction and art, including pottery, sewing and weaving e.g. Manunggol Jar (Palawan) **Metal Ages** **[a. Copper Age]** -repeated heating and hammering of copper resulted in annealing, which made the metal harder but also brittle. \- they made simple axes and daggers \- Copper was still a sace Commodity, so stone continued to be the primary material for many tools until the bronze age. **[b. Bronze age]** -an ALLOY made primarily of copper with about 10% tin and small amount of other elements \- was much stronger and tougher than copper, makina it useful for manu application. \* Age of Civilization -used in ploughs, amords, axed, spearhead, armar. helmets, and shields as well as artistic decorations and scientific implements. **[c. Iron Age ]** -Creating superior weapons and agricultural implements \- Is stronger and more plentiful than copper and tin, became much Cheaper than bronze so that regular farmers could afford iron ploughs. The result was an agricultural explosion. Iron remained the primary metal of industry for more than 2000 years until the discovery of steel. **Digital Age** SOCIETY -collection of individuals united by certain relations or mode by behavior which mark them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behavior. **- Morris Ginsberg** -a social organism possessing a harmony of structure and function **-Auguste Comte** **Social Institutions** -organized system of relationships which embodies certain shared values and procedures and meets certain basic needs of society **[1. Family]** -provides emotional and practical support to its members \*Physiological -shelter, food \*Basic Social Institutions. \*First Interaction -Socialization of children, regulation of sexual activity, provision of support and intergenerational reproduction of cultural valves. Matri focal - Solo mom Patrifocal-Solo dad Authority: Matriarchal-mother Patriarchal father Egalitarian - Both parents **[2. Education]** \- one primary role is the transmission of knowledge and skills between different generations **[3. Religion]** \- provides a moral framework for individuals and communities. -typically enforces the belief in a higher power \- Wisdom **[4. Government]** -responsible for forming and enforcing laws and ordinances that govern society -primary role is to maintain order and provide public services -look for the welfare of the people **Sources of Social Change** **[1. Discovery]** -finding or uncovering something that was previously unknown or hidden. **[2. Invention]** -creating something totally new with one\'s own ideas and development. e.g. Wheel- TAE method \*Mold = No bacteria \* Penecillium - Fungi \* Alexander Fleming **[3. Innovation]** -any thought, behavior or thing that is new because it is Qualitatively different from existing forms. e g. history of computers **[4. Diffusion]** -the spread of cultural traits from group to group **[5. Physical Environment ]** -changes in the physical environment produce changes in the lives of people. e.g. Ivatans houses (Batanes) **[6. Population]** -changes in population size, distribution and composition affect and change culture and social structure of a society **EARLY CIVILIZATIONS** **[1. Mesopotamica (4000- 3500 BC)]** -Greek word -Between two river ( Tigris and Euphrates River) \*Fertile Crescent -Located in modern-day Iraq, Kuwait and syria -Birthplace/cradle of Civilization \-\--World\'s 1st Urban cities \*Sumer (Sumerians) -zigorats (temple, 4 story) \*Babylon (Babylonian) -\"carnal\" - laman, same sex marriage -Hanging Gardens of Babylon \*Ashur -remains of the cities \*Akkad (Akkadian) -Walled Cities **Cuneiform** -wedged-shaped characters. used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia on clay tablets. **Code of Law** \*Code of Hammurabi \- an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth \*Presumption of Innocence -Innocence until proven guilty 60 Numeric system -led to the 60-second minute 6O minute hour and 360 degree-circle. Babylonians Astronomy -divided the year into 12 periods named after constellations \*Persia (Iran) eventually conquered Mesopotamia in 539 B.C. **[2. Ancient Egypt (3100 BC) ]** -set along the fertile Nile River (longest, each year, this river rises and floods the area. When the water went back, it left mud that made the fields fertile) Great Pyramids of Giza -tombs of the Pharaohs \"Egypt\'s use of labor to Undertake architectural projects such as the pyramids was unrivaled.\" **-Kenneth Harl** Cubit \- a measure of length. roughly the span of a forearm \* Mummification \* 24 hour day and 365 day calendar \* Hieroglyphic pictorial writing system \* The civilization end in 332 B.C. when it was conquered by ALEXANDER THE GREAT **[3. Ancient India (3300 B.C.)]** -Built in the Indus River Valley -(Modern-day India, Afghanistan, Pakistan) -ground water/springs, ice sheets (Himalayan Mountain Ranges) -where Hinduism was founded -Upanishads -Sacred Hind texts \* Reincarnation \* Caste System Brahmins-priests Kshatriyas-warriors and rulers Vaishyas - farmers, tragiers Shudras- laborers Dalits (out castes)-struct sweepers \* Collapsed around 1700 B.C., is often credited to migration prompted by climate change or possible. tectonic movement\-- GREAT FLOOD **[4. Ancient China (2000 B.c.)]** -Protected by the: Himalyan Mountains (South) Pacific Ocean (East) Gobi Dessert (North) -situated between the YELLOW AND YANGTZE RIVERS Great Wall of China \- to stop Mongols (Warriors) from north -built in 220 B.C. \- Xia Dynasty (2070- 1600 BCE) \- first dynasty \* Oldest Civilization in the World \* Decimal system, abacus (Math) and Sundial (the oldest known instruments for telling time) Printing Press allowed the publication and distribution of SUN TZU\'S THE ART OF WAR. **[5. Ancient Peru (1200 B.C)]** -South America cities: -Chavín, Paracas, Nazca, Huari Moche and Inca -top of the mountains. \- The Great Inca Empire, which stretched from today\'s Colombia to Chile \* SMALLPOX AND OTHER DISEASES, introduced to South America by the Spaniards, ravaged the Inca Populations. **[6. Ancient Mesoamerica (1200 B.C)]** -Mexico and Central America cities: Olmec, zapotec, Maya, Toltec, and the Aztecs. Zapotec -developed Mesoamerica\'s first written calendar and writing system Mayans -are noted for their advancements in mathematics, hieroglyphics, architecture, and astronomy. -end of the world 12/21/2012 Aztecs -founded Tenochtitlan (today\'s mexico City) in 1325 **\*Hernan Cortez** - 1519 (Spanish invasion) CULTURAL RELATIVISM **[1.Enculturation]** -actual process of cultural learning with a specific culture \--(**Margaret Mead**, 1963) \- a process we learned the culture we live in **[2.Acculturation]** -a bidirectional process, when culture is mixed each other **[3. Assimilation]** \- unilateral approximation of one culture in the direction of the other. **[4.Culture Shock ]** \- feeling of confusion when a person move to a different place with different culture. **[5.Ethnocentrism]** -with bias or prejudice, treat other cultures as inferior in comparison to one\'s culture. **[6.Xenocentrism]** \- the feeling when we tend to value other cultures more highly from one\'s own culture **[7. Mass Culture (popular culture)]** \- Culture that are accessible, widely available and intended for consumption by as many people as possible. **[8. Subculture]** -Like-minded people who often feel left out of the dominant culture sometimes come together and create subcultures **[9.Counterculture]** \- rejects some of the norms and values of the larger culture. **[10.Human Agency]** -an individuals capability to make a decision *Cultural Relativism* -the view that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not be judged by the standards of another **-Franz BoaS** (Father of American Anthropology) -According to Boas, no culture is better than any other. \*Sex Work (Amsterdam) \*Mentawai (Indonesia) -teeth sharpening or teeth chiseling for women \*Kayan (Northern Thailand) tribe -brass coil rings around their necks \*Dayak Woman (of Borneo) \- long earlobes \*Headtaking in the Cordillera \*Dasung (Indonesia) -\"shackle\" mentally distressed and disabled \*Cross Amputation (Sudan) \- cut the right hand / left leg \*Female Gender Mutation (FGM) **SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES** **[Symbol]** -an object, word or action that stands for something else. e.g. gestures,signs,objects,Signals, words **Functions of Symbols** 1\. Transfer culture, ideologies, or beliefs. 2\. Preserve traditions or beliefs. 3\. Holds hidden value that carries greater meaning and importance than the face value. 4\. Create movements, spread Ideas, and share advocacies that surpasses time and distance. **Cultural Symbols** [1. The Philippine National Flag] [2. National Flower] Sampaguita - purity. [3. National Tree] Narra-strong will of people [4.National Bird] Philippine Eagle (Monkey eating cagle) [5.National Gem.] Philippine Pearl [6.National Martial Arts and sport] Arnis [7. National Hero] none **Social Symbols** 1\. peace ,love ,life ,balance 2\. Semicolon (;) 3.Close fist 4.Statue **Political Symbols** 1\. Soviet Union Flag -Communism 2.Philippine Flag **Economic Symbols** 1\. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) 2\. Piloncitos -first currency of the Philippines \"Ma-i\" (old name of the Philippines) 3\. New 1000 Bill -Polymer (Plastic) **Local Symbols** 1\. Apo Wang-od -preservation of culture 2\. American Soldier with igorot warriors 3\. Pudong -community quarantine called \'NGILIN\' 4\. Sen. Agapito Aquino and Fr. Conrado Balweg exchanged tokens with president c. aquino (sept. 13, 1986) SOCIALIZATION \- the process of learning one\'s society and its culture -the same as interacting, mingling and being with other people or groups. within/outside of your outside **Agents of Socialization** **[1. Family]** \- most of the habits, manners, beliefs and the way we think are develop in the family. **[2. School]** \- socialize with other people\-- your classmates, teachers, administrators **[3. Peer Groups]** Peers - usually have similar ages, social status and share interests -peer group influences the way one accept him/ herself **[4. Social Media]** -majority of us are connected through social media **[5. Religious Affiliation]** -ideally leads to respecting differences in faith **6. Government** \- learns to respect government policies and abides to them knowing that every action limitation. **Status** **[a. Ascribed Status]** -receives at birth or takes. on involuntarily later in life. **[b. Achieved Status]** -a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal identity. **Role** -refers to the behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status **Role conflict** -when the expectations of one role of an individual plays conflict with the expectations of another rule. **Social Control** \- the power of society over individuals **Rewards** \- given to individuals who exemplified the values and follow the norms **Punishments** -given to those individuals who deviate from the social norms **Conformity** -behavior which involve change in order to fit in **Deviance** -behavior that violates social norms. SOCIAL GROUPS Group \- is composed of two or more persons interacting with each other and guided by a set of norms. **Basic Classifications of Social Groups** **[1.Primary Groups]** -are marked by concern for one another, shared activities and culture, and long periods of time spent together. Sample Groups: Family, Play group, Village/Neighborhood, Work-team **[2. Secondary Groups]** -involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another. These groups are based on usual or habitual interests or affairs. It includes groups in which one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for payments, and such. Sample Groups: Nation, Church Hierarchy, Professional Association, Corporation, University classes, Athletic teams, and groups of coworkers. **[3.In-group]** -Belonging to the same group as others who share the same common bond and interests who are more likely to understand each other. **[4.Out-group]** -Those who do not belong to the in-group are part of the out-group, which exist in the perceptions of the in-group members and takes on social reality as a result of behavior by in-group members who use the out group as a negative point of reference. **[5. Reference Groups]** -is a collection of people that we use as a standard of comparison for ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group. We rely on reference groups to understand social norms, which then shape our values, ideas, behavior, and appearance. **[6. Network]** -is a collection of people tied together by a specific pattern of connections.