UCSP Reviewer PDF

UCSP REVIEWER Culture - beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together, form a people’s way of life Classification of Culture Tangible/Material Culture - can be touched, perceived by senses Intangible/Non-Material - examples are tradition, beliefs, law, rel...

UCSP REVIEWER Culture - beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together, form a people’s way of life Classification of Culture Tangible/Material Culture - can be touched, perceived by senses Intangible/Non-Material - examples are tradition, beliefs, law, religion, etc. Types of Culture High Culture - culture for those who are privileged/rich Examples: orchestra, ballet, exhibits Low Culture - enjoyed by the mass/general Examples: gossiping, eating fast food Popular Culture - trends that influence others Subculture - own way of life while still following mainstream Examples: Hippies, Goths Counter Culture - goes against the norms Examples: terrorism, veganism, open relationships Elements of Culture Symbols - image, sign, object, and action - interpretation Language - Known as the STOREHOUSE of culture - System of words & symbols used to communicate with other people Values - motivation for his/her action - culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability Beliefs - superstitions - not scientific Norms - dictates how people behave, act, and interact - social standards and social acceptability 4 Classifications of Norms Folkways - people’s ways - talks about politeness and rudeness  - Sanction = Punishment Mores - morality - talks about right or wrong - based on written and unwritten laws Taboo - negative norms - shunned or ostracized if done Laws - written - Sanction = imprisoned/fined Modes of Acquiring Culture Imitation - imitating with no context - typically happens in a foreign country/group Conditioning - done for a reward or to avoid punishment Indoctrination - learning culture, may it be formal or informal, written or unwritten, voluntarily or involuntarily Diversity - range of human differences Cultural Homogenization - reduction in cultural diversity Culture Lag - a culture couldn’t catch up to the modern times Culture Shock - disorientation and confusion that individuals experience in a different culture Ethnocentrism - a belief that one’s culture is superior to others Xenocentrism - individuals preferring other cultures than their own Cultural Relativism - the idea that there is no universal standard to measure cultures by and that cultural values and beliefs should be understood within their cultural context Conformity - submitting oneself to the norms of society Types of Conformity  Normative - pressure to fit in or peer pressure Compliance - conforming to the majority but disagreeing privately Informative - believing to have accurate information Internalization - changes our behavior because we want to be like another person - 100% convinced Ingratiation - conforms to impress or gain favor/acceptance Identification - conforms to an expectation of a social role - similar to compliance, but does not have to be a change in private opinion Sociologist - person who studies society The Nature of Deviance - almost any behavior or appearance can qualify as deviant under the right circumstances - conceptions of what is deviant may vary over time and place Not everyone who commits a deviant act is caught and not everyone who is punished commits the crime All crime is deviance but all deviance is not a crime Standards for Deviance change based on the following: Location Age Social Status Individual Societies Theories on Deviance Emile Durkheim - Father of Sociology - states that deviance is necessary in society - states modern societies are prone to anomie/normlessness Strain Theory - states that people deviate from societal norms because of their inability to reach cultural goals through legitimates means - Robert K. Merton noted that not all members were given equal opportunities to attain the ideal goals and as a result people experienced stress Forms of Deviance Conformity - pursuing a person’s goals through traditional means like education and hard work Ritualism  - rejects a certain cultural goal but continues to act conventionally to project a level of dignity - find it impossible to achieve goals by acceptable means Retreatism - similar to being apathetic - acceptance of their current situation is evident by not doing anything to change or improve it Innovation - use of a non-traditional way or approach to reach a socially acceptable goal - the individual then resorts to illegitimate means to achieve culturally approved goals such as economic success, material possessions, and social status Rebellion - rejects both the cultural goal and the traditional way of achieving it - substitute a new set of goals and means of achieving goals - radicals who want to repair or even destroy the current system to build a new social structure Social Control - systematic practices to encourage conformity and to discourage deviance - forces people to conform and that those who oppose are considered deviants, rebels, or oppositionists - the ultimate goal is Submission, Obedience, and Conformity Social Control of Deviance Sanctions - threatened penalty for disobeying a rule/law - official permission or approval for an action Informal Sanctions - self-restraint exercise because of fear of what others will think - may take the form of ridicule, rejection, or even expulsion from the group involving a reward for conformity/compliance Formal Sanctions - official, institutionalized incentives to conform and penalties for deviance - needed in large complex societies - failure to conform means punishment ranging from fines, imprisonment, or the death penalty 4 Functions of Deviance Deviance affirms cultural values and norms Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries. People draw a boundary between right and wrong Responding to deviance brings people together. People typically react to serious deviance with shared outrage Deviance encourages social change. Deviant people push a society’s moral boundaries  🤗 Hope this reviewer helps, goodluck in the exams! - jedd