UCSP-PPT.pptx

Lesson 1: The need for Studying Social, Cultural, and Political Behavior through Science Quick Question: What makes adobo, adobo? What makes igado, igado? What makes us Filipino? Processing Question: How can you explain the term: You are what you eat? In relation to culture and soc...

Lesson 1: The need for Studying Social, Cultural, and Political Behavior through Science Quick Question: What makes adobo, adobo? What makes igado, igado? What makes us Filipino? Processing Question: How can you explain the term: You are what you eat? In relation to culture and society. Is it possible that you can call yourself Filipino even if you don’t step in and blended with the locals? Why yes, why no.  QUICK FACTS ABOUT PHILIPPINES 2,000 120- 180 7,641 INHABITE language ISLANDS D s Why Do we have different ways of life? Our country is Different Therefore, a fragmented languages diversifying state provides our identity, (geographicall varied cultural culture, y) identity society.  The lens in which we can understand collective identity is... ANTHROPOLOGY  Greek: Anthropos and Defining Logos meaning study Anthropology of humans Anthropology is the study of the origin and development of human societies and cultures. Father of all social and behavioral sciences Brief Origin/ Beginning of Anthropology Ancient Times: Early travelers, such as Herodotus (Father of History), documented their encounters with different cultures, laying the groundwork for ethnographic observation. Ancient philosophers like Aristotle speculated about human nature and societal organization. Brief Origin/ Beginning of Anthropology Middle Ages and Renaissance: Exploration during the Age of Discovery (15th-17th centuries) brought Europeans into contact with a wide variety of cultures, spurring interest and study. Missionaries and explorers wrote accounts of the peoples they encountered. Landing on Philippines Philippine was not Philippines until it was named by Fernando Magallanes on 1521 Antonio Pigafetta is responsible in recording the expedition of Magallanes, hence knowing the battle happened in Mactan with Lapu-Lapu Father of American Anthropology Franz Boas he emphasized cultural relativism and historical particularism, challenging the evolutionary perspective. Alfred Kroeber and William Henry (focused on United States) They focused on indigenous rights Traditional cultural preservation Ancestral domains Persons in Anthropological History and their contribution(s) SOCIOLOGY Do you know these people? Rodel Nacianceno Mara Schnittka Phylbert Angelli Ranollo Fagestrom Camille Tan Hojilla Phylbert Angelli Ranollo Rodel Nacianceno Mara Schnittka Camille Tan Hojilla Processing Question: Why do you think, people choose to change their name when thry become celebrity? In your own opinion, why do you think some celebrities chose to have their names? Question to Ponder: When we do decisions in life, what are the different factors we consider? How do we consider them? Sociology Study of society social institutions and social relationships Do you know? There is a discipline in social sciences that analyzes people’s movements, decisions, and behaviors respective of their society? Social institutions Sociology Definition Focuses on the omnipresence of social forces Social forces represent the constellation of unseen yet powerful forces influencing the behavior of individuals. Social Forces are written and unwritten rules Sociological Imagination- viewing social world beyond Brief History of Sociology Sociology was born in Europe (Germany, England, France) during industrial revolution Auguste Comte- father of Sociology and coined the term sociology Other Sociologist alongside with Comte: Karl Marx (1818-1883) Emile Durkheim (1858-1977) Max Weber (1864-1920 They raised questions the changes brought out by the industrialization in Europe. The industrialization brought new forms of social interactions that are different from pastoral life. Emergence of new social identities. Emile Durkheim French Social scientist/ Thinker Le suicide- landmark study that led to led to the introduction of the concept of “social fact” His landmark study of suicide enabled him to concretize the niche problematic of sociology apart and different from that of anthropology, psychology, philosophy, religion, and literature Durkheim's Sociology Functionalism- focuses on society’s parts and how it is works or functions to maintain a stable and orderly society. Durkheim's Sociology Suicide- he analyzed suicide rates and identified different types of suicide, including egoistic , altruistic , and anomic Durkheim's Sociology Suicide- he analyzed suicide rates and identified different types of suicide, including egoistic , altruistic , and anomic Social Solidarity- the bonding of society as one. Mechanical Solidarity- shared values of people in pre industrial society Organic Solidarity- modern. Inter-dependence of human with roles and function Karl Marx German philosopher ,economists and social theorist Contributed to political economy and communism Conflict theory (Marxism )  Classes struggle – conflict between two classes the (Burgiose and Ploretariat ) Historical materialism shapes social political and ideological structures of a society capitalism economic system that perpetuated inequality and exploitation Durkheim and Weber The optimum health of the system is defined by the parts performing their assigned tasks and working in coordination with other parts of the system. Ex. Schools provide formal Latent function- intended education, teach specific or expected outcomes subjects, and prepare students for future careers. Manifest function- Ex. The schools led to the development of social unintended or hidden networks and friendships outcomes among students, Symbolic Interactionism Social interactions are governed by the meanings shared and Co-created by social factors in every interaction or encounter. Example: Wedding Ring signifies exclusive relationship of two person Tattoos Rituals Development of Sociology in the Philippines According to Panopio and Rolda, 2002 3 Phases Phase 1: Sociology was looked upon as social philosophy Phase 2: Sociology was viewed as a problem or welfare oriented discipline Phase 3: Sociology started to take the scientific orientation Filipino Sociologists Serafin Macaraig First Filipino to obtain a Doctorate degree in Sociology. He published his first book, ‘An introduction to Sociology’ in 1938 Filipino Sociologists Fr. Valentin Marin He introduced sociology in colleges and universities and named it as social philosophy course in their criminology program Filipino Sociologists Benicio Catapusan Created the benchmark for the distribution of economic aid to the different regions in the country through collecting data of social facts while working for the government POLITIC S Opening Question: In the previous SONA of our President, what policy/ announcement that you heard that stuck you the most? What is politics for you? According to the father of Political Science: “Man by nature a political Aristotle, animal” The Concept of Politics Power Order Justice It is the ability to A concept in Giving a fair and influence others. society that can just decision It gives someone be achieved among the or something an through members of a authority to lead obedience set by society with the authorities regards to existing norms and authority Politics as: Art of Government Description: politics concerns the affairs of the state. It focuses on the personnel and machinery of the government. Politics as: Public affairs Description: politics is the conduct and management of public interest and therefore political affairs Politics as: compromise and consensus Description: Policies attempts to resolve conflict through discussion, compromise, bargain, and consensus, wherein people arrive at binding decision. Politics as: power and distribution of resources Description: Politics involves the exercise of authority in the production, distribution, and use of resources. This describes who gets what and under what Politics as: Science Description: Politics involves policy making and government decisions through research, investigation, and analysis, validation, and planning.  Anthropolo Convergence gy of Anthropology, Sociology, and Sociology Political Political Science Science Similarities Ways to understand Founded on One cannot the society cultural exist without through processes the other different lenses Differences Society is composed Culture plays a vital of interacting people role in shaping the with different facets influencing politics, of culture conduct of people Theoretical Foundations of Culture, Society, and Politics Theory Theoretical Paradigms  A wide-ranging set of explanations of an important feature of nature that is baked up What is by facts. Theory School of thought/ paradigm is the other term for the word. Theoretical Paradigms Macro and Micro View * When sociologists focus on large social phenomena, it is the macro view. Example: Poverty *When a sociologist focuses on situational patterns of social interaction, it is the micro view Example: Spending Habits  Structural functionalism Major theories in Sociology Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism Robert Merton Expanded the Social Function He argued that any social structure may have many functions. Two different types of functions. manifest function – the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern latent function – the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern  Social dysfunction is any social pattern that Robert may disrupt the operation of society Merton coined the It can be caused by lack of consensus among term social people in a given policy dysfunction It can also be the difference in backgrounds (racial/ economic) The structural Those Within Change is functional every functions can be small or evident approach social substantial within any society or and are built on the structure dynamic in system or system however for following each nature and works toward the system to premises: member of the same survive it must adapt the system purpose to keep the to that has a change in system specific operational order to function maintain its Conflict Theory/ Structural Conflict looks at society as a competition for limited resources Macro-level approach Karl Marx is the proponent of the theory He saw the society as being made up of two classes: the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and the Conflict theory (cont.) two must compete for Social institutions reflect “mode of production” (e.g., social, material, and this competition and help the industrial factory) and political resources maintain the unequal social “relations of production” structure. (e.g., unequal power between workers and factory owners). More on Conflict Theory: False Class consciousness- consciousness- Marx’s term for the common group proletarian’s identity as exploited inability to see her proletarians and real position within potential the class system revolutionaries. Symbolic Interactionism Communication—the exchange micro-level theory focuses on of meaning through language meanings attached to human and symbols—is believed to be interaction, both verbal and the way people make sense of non-verbal, and to symbols their social worlds. Charles Horton Cooley Introduced the looking-glass self (1902) to describe how a person’s sense of self grows out of interactions with others 1) we see how others react to us 2) we interpret that reaction 3) we develop a sense of self based on those interpretations. “Looking-glass” is an archaic term for a mirror, we “see” ourselves Philosophies in Politics Idealism Rationalism Realism Extremism Idealism Is an approach that envisages ideals and tries realizing them. It tells what is right. In idealism, the greatest welfare for the greatest number is considered in the exercise of power and influence Rationalism Rationalism is an approach based on the exposition of principles. This proposes power of reason over the reason of power in every relation- ship of men and states. The exercise of power and influence is based on logical viewpoints, dialogues, and judgments. Realism An approach based on facts and reality. It believes that the object of sense perception really exists. The exercise of power and influence should be founded on reality. Extremism Extremism is an approach beyond what is ordinary. The exercise of power and influence is far from the context and the reality of the existing social era.