UCSP (4).docx

**ANTHROPOLOGY** - - **Two types of anthropology** - - **Claude Lévi-Strauss**: - - **Clifford Geertz**: - - - **Origin of Culture**: - **Definition of Culture** (Edward Tylor and Clifford Geertz): - **Cultural Equality**: - - **Role of Culture**: -...

**ANTHROPOLOGY** - - **Two types of anthropology** - - **Claude Lévi-Strauss**: - - **Clifford Geertz**: - - - **Origin of Culture**: - **Definition of Culture** (Edward Tylor and Clifford Geertz): - **Cultural Equality**: - - **Role of Culture**: - **Culture vs. Society**: - - **Main Issue in Anthropology**: - **Donald Brown (1991)**: - **Anthropological Theories**: - - - - **Ethnocentrism**: - - - - **Cultural Relativism**: - - - - - **Sociology**: - - - - **Theological Stage**: - **Metaphysical Stage**: - **Scientific Stage**: - A **sociological perspective** -- is seeing the general in the particular (Berger, 1963). This definition tells us that sociologists look for general patterns in the behavior of particular people. - **Sociological Imagination (C. Wright Mills)**: - - - **Personal Troubles**: - - **Larger Social Issues**: - - - **Mills\' Insight**: - 1. - - 2. - - 3. - - 4. - - 5. - - 6. - - 7. - - 8. - - 9. - - 11. - - 12. - - 13. - - 14. - - **Karl Marx** believed that the state is used by the rich to take advantage of the working class. He thought that eventually, the state would no longer be necessary and would disappear. Anarchists, however, believe that people and communities can live without any government or rulers. A state is an organization that has complete control over a certain area and can use force if needed (like the police and military). Politics is about how power is used or threatened to manage and solve problems within that state. **Basic Attitudes Towards Politics:** 1. - - - 2. - - - - - **Sociological Theories** 1. - - - - - - - - - 2. - - - - - - 3. - - - - - - - These theories provide different lenses for understanding how societies function and change, focusing on either the stability and functions of society (Structural-Functional), the conflicts and inequalities within it (Social-Conflict), or the meanings and interactions that create social reality (Symbolic-Interaction). **Understanding Culture and Its Concepts** 1. - 2. - - 3. - 4. - - 5. - - 6. - - 7. - - 8. - - - - - 9. - - 10. - - 11. - - - 12. - - These key points explain how culture influences our lives, how different parts of culture interact, and how culture evolves over time. **Ways Cultural Changes Occur:** 1. - - - - - 2. - - - - - 3. - - - - **Global Culture:** 1. - - 2. - - 3. - - **Limitations of Global Culture:** 1. - 2. - 3. - **Theories of Culture:** 1. - - - 2. - - - 3. - - - Society refers to a group of people who interact within a defined area and share a common culture. Over the last 10,000 years, societies have changed in many ways. Let\'s look at how different sociologists explain these changes: 1. **1. Hunting and Gathering Societies:** - - - **2. Horticultural and Pastoral Societies:** - - - **3. Agrarian Societies:** - - - **4. Industrial Societies:** - - - **5. Postindustrial Societies:** - - - - **Sociological Perspectives on Society** 1. 2. 3. ### **Karl Marx: Society and Conflict** **Basic Idea:** Karl Marx believed that society is divided into classes that are in constant conflict with each other, especially in a capitalist system. **Key Points:** 1. - 2. - 3. - 4. - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - ### **Max Weber: The Rationalization of Society** **Basic Idea:** Max Weber focused on how ideas and values shape society, rather than just economic factors. **Key Points:** 1. - 2. - 3. - In short, while Marx focused on economic conflicts and how they create inequality, Weber emphasized the importance of ideas and rational thinking in shaping modern societies. ### **Two Ways of Thinking: Tradition vs. Rationality** **Basic Idea:** Max Weber focused on how people think about their world. He said that in traditional societies, people are guided by customs and long-held beliefs. In modern societies, people are guided by rational thinking, which means they make decisions based on logic and efficiency. **Key Points:** 1. - 2. - 3. - 4. - ### **Is Capitalism Rational?** **Different Views:** - - ### **Weber's Big Idea: Protestantism and Capitalism** **How Did Capitalism Begin?** - - - ### **Rational Social Organization** **Modern Society's Characteristics:** Weber identified seven features of modern, rational societies: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ### **Rationality, Bureaucracy, and Alienation** **The Downsides of Rationality:** - - **Conclusion:** - This simplified version covers Weber's main ideas about how modern societies think and function, contrasting them with traditional societies and highlighting both the positive and negative aspects of rationality. ### **1. Society Beyond Individuals** **Main Idea:** Society exists beyond just the people in it. It has its own set of rules and values that affect how we behave. **Key Points:** - - ### **2. How Society Functions** **Main Idea:** Society has different parts that work together to keep things running smoothly. Even things that seem negative, like crime, have important roles. **Key Points:** - - ### **3. Society and Personal Identity** **Main Idea:** Society shapes who we are and how we act. It provides moral guidance and helps control our desires. **Key Points:** - - ### **4. Modern Life and Anomie** **Main Idea:** Modern societies offer more freedom but also face problems like anomie, which is when people feel lost because societal rules are unclear. **Key Points:** - - ### **5. Changes in Society: Division of Labor** **Main Idea:** As societies industrialize, they become more complex. People start to rely on each other's specialized skills rather than shared traditions. **Key Points:** - - ### **Durkheim's View on Modern Society** **Main Idea:** Durkheim saw both the benefits and challenges of modern life. He believed that while modern societies offer more freedom, they also need strong moral guidance to prevent anomie. **Key Points:** - - **Politics and Government** Max Weber, a sociologist, said that every society relies on power, which is the ability to get what you want, even if others resist. The government is the group that manages this power, running the society\'s political life. Governments need people to follow them, but they can't just rely on threats or force. Weber explained that governments usually try to make their power seem legitimate, so people accept it without needing to be forced. He identified three main types of authority that make governments seem legitimate: traditional authority, rational-legal authority, and charismatic authority. **Traditional Authority** In pre-industrial societies (before modern industry), traditional authority was common. This type of authority is based on long-standing customs and traditions. People respect leaders because \"it has always been that way.\" For example, kings and queens often ruled because of tradition, and people saw them as almost divine, or god-like. However, as societies became more modern and industrialized, this kind of authority started to weaken. **Rational-Legal Authority** Rational-legal authority is based on laws and rules. In modern societies, this is the most common form of authority. Leaders are respected not because of who they are or their family background, but because they hold a certain position within a legal system. For example, a president or a prime minister has power because of the law, not because of their personal characteristics. **Charismatic Authority** Charismatic authority comes from a person\'s extraordinary personal qualities that inspire others to follow them. This type of authority doesn\'t depend on traditions or laws but on the leader\'s ability to attract followers through their personality. Examples of charismatic leaders include figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi. However, when such a leader dies, their movement often faces a crisis because the authority was tied so closely to their personal charisma. **Political Systems in History** Over time, political systems have evolved. Early societies were like large families without formal governments. Leadership was often based on personal qualities like strength or charisma. As societies grew larger and more complex, formal governments began to develop. **Types of Political Systems** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Revolution** A revolution happens when one political system is overthrown and replaced with another. It's different from a simple change in leadership (like a coup) because it changes the entire system of government. Revolutions often happen when people's expectations rise, governments fail to respond, intellectual leaders inspire change, and new systems of legitimacy are established. **Key Points to Remember** - - - - **Terrorism** is when people or groups use violence or threats to push their political ideas or goals. Unlike regular politics, terrorism involves actions that break the usual rules and can't be addressed through normal political discussions. Here's what makes terrorism stand out: 1. 2. 3. 4. Responding to terrorism is challenging because terrorist groups often operate in secret, making it hard to identify who is responsible. Military responses can also lead to conflicts with other countries, but not responding might encourage more terrorism. **War and Peace** Wars happen frequently, but that doesn't mean they're natural or unavoidable. Governments usually have to convince or force their people to go to war. Some societies, like the Semai of Malaysia, are very peaceful, while others, like the Yanomamö, are more likely to engage in conflict. There are five main reasons why wars occur: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Anthropology has humanity as its object of research, but unlike other human sciences, it tries to grasp its object through its most diverse manifestations (Claude Levi-Strauss, 1983). \"Anthropos\" - human and reason, \"logos\" - study; study of human. The study of humankind in all times and all places; includes topics such as human origin, globalization, social change, and world history. Goals of Anthropology - Tries to account for the social and cultural variation in the world while conceptualizing and understanding similarities between social systems and human relationships. Understand both connections within societies and between societies; studying commonalities (folklores, traditions, language, etc.) in all humanity to better understand human\'s nature. - Account for the interrelationships between different aspects of human existence. Produce new knowledge and new theories about human and human behavior that can be applied to various fields in attempt to alleviate human challenges. - Discover what makes people different from one another to understand and preserve diversity. - Look at one\'s own culture more objectively like an outsider; Anthropology also challenges individuals to evaluate and criticize their own culture. Fields of Anthropology: 1\. Cultural Anthropology Social or sociocultural anthropology. - Refers to the study of living people and their cultures including variation and change.
Deals with the description and analysis of the forms and styles and the social lives of past and present ages. Cultural anthropologists also study art, religion, migration, marriage, and family. 2\. Biological Anthropology or physical anthropology. - The study of humans as biological organisms including their evolution and contemporary variation. Describe the distribution of hereditary variations among contemporary populations and measure the relative contributions made by heredity, environment, and culture to human biology. 3\. Linguistic Anthropology - Refers to the study of communication, mainly (but not exclusively) among humans. - Includes the study of communication\'s origins, history, and contemporary variation. Explores how language shapes communication since language plays a huge role in social identity, group membership, and cultural beliefs. 4\. Archaeology - Refers to the study of past human cultures through their material remains. It is the study of past human cultures through the recovery and analysis of artifacts. The study of the ancient and recent human past through material remains. SOCIOLOGY - The study of human social relationships and institutions. - Study of groups and societies that people build and how these affect their behavior. Subject matter: from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies. Goals of Sociology - Seeks to understand how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures. - According to Greg Jackson, \"Sociologists look for patterns that reflect particular generalities of the society. A sociologist might study an individual\'s behavior or actions to see how it fits into the broader pattern of that person\'s society and culture.\" Sociology enables us to. - Obtain possible theories and principles about society, as well as various aspects of social life. - Critical study of human nature. - Broaden our familiarity with sociological facts, which may lead to us realizing our own prejudices on different social issues. Expose ourselves to different perspectives on attaining the truth. Branches of Sociology 1\. Theoretical Sociology It includes micro theory or small/middle/large theory. The theories of Karl Marx, August Cite, Max Wever, Emmile Durkhaim, Sorokin, etc are studied under the theories of sociology. 2\. Historical Sociology It is the study of social facts and social groups. It studies the background of any social event. 3\. Sociology of Knowledge The newly emerged branch of sociology indicates that our knowledge is the product of social phenomena. This means our knowledge is always influenced by society. 4\. Criminology This branch of sociology studies the criminal behavior of individuals or groups; Origin of crime its types of nature, causes as well as law, punishment, police, etc. 5\. Sociology of Religion It analyses the social behavior of human beings. It also studies the religious constitutions and their role in the society. 6\. Sociology of Economy This branch of sociology studies the production, distribution, consumption, and exchange of goods and services. This branch also studies the economic activities of the society in which the focus is given about the socio-cultural factors. 7\. Rural Sociology Studies the way of life of rural people as the rural population is higher than the urban. The patterns of life such as behavior, belief, culture, traditional norms, values, etc. are totally different than those of urban people. 8\. Urban Sociology \" Studies the way of life of urban people. It gives information about the social organizations and institutions of urban society as well as social structure and social interaction. 9\. Political Sociology Studies different political moments of society. It includes the study of different political ideologies (views), their origin, development, and functions. 10\. Sociology of Demography Demography of scientific mathematical and statically study of population. It studies about the size, situation, composition, density, distribution, and measurement etc. of the population. 11\. Sociology of Law
Related to moral order for the society as formulation and implementation of rules and regulations, law and order come under this. 12\. Industrial Sociology Studies the different industrial organizations and institutions. As well as their interrelationship and links with other various institutions of society. 13\. Sociology of Law
Related to moral order for the society as formulation and implementation of rules and regulations, law and order come under this. 14\. Industrial Sociology Studies the different industrial organizations and institutions. As well as their interrelationship and links with other various institutions of society. POLITICAL SCIENCE - the systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally scientific methods of analysis. - It is an academic discipline that deals with the study of government and political processes, institutions, and behaviors. - Although it has borrowed a lot of concepts and subject matter from other social sciences, it is distinguished by its focus on POWER. Why Study Political Science? - To discover the principles that should be adhered to in public affairs and study operations of the government. - To deepen knowledge and understanding of one of the most powerful forces operating on people, communities and corporations today. - Necessary and important for the citizen to study to have knowledge and understanding of the government. Fields of Political Science - Domestic politics - the most common field of study; include public opinion, elections, national government, and state, local, or regional government. Comparative politics - focuses on politics within countries (often grouped into world regions) and analyzes similarities and differences between countries. - International relations - considers the political relationships and interactions between countries, including the causes of war, the formation of foreign policy, the international political economy, and the structures that increase or decrease the policy options available to governments. Political theory - includes classical political philosophy and contemporary theoretical perspectives (e.g., constructivism, critical theory, and postmodernism).