Understanding Culture, Society and Politics PDF 1st Quarter 1st Semester

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 1st Quarter | 1st Semester ★ Culture, Society and Gender Lesson 1: Cultural Variation, Societal ○ Culture in largely involved in...

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 1st Quarter | 1st Semester ★ Culture, Society and Gender Lesson 1: Cultural Variation, Societal ○ Culture in largely involved in Di erence and Political Identities defining gender in societies ○ Gender is more malleable and ★ Society changing across societies ○ Culture dictates appropriate ○ Composed of individuals characteristics for each gender, ○ Has its own cultural variation, society propagates these societal di erence and political definitions and characteristics identities ★ LGBTQIA+ and Feminist Movements ★ Social Construct - made by society ○ The struggle to normalize gender Gender equality for all genders (LGBTQIA+ included) ★ Gender ○ Perceptions of gender and gender roles are constantly ○ Social, Cultural and changing alongside social and Psychological characteristics cultural changes that a culture assigns to the two sexes ★ Gender Equality ★ Sex ○ Equal rights and opportunities for girls and boys that help all ○ Biological di erences that children fulfill their potential distinguishes human and other animals into 2 categories - male Socioeconomic Classes and female ★ Gender Roles ★ Socioeconomic Class ○ Culturally assigned ○ A Category that groups people tasks/activities given to the two into similar economic, social, sexes. cultural and political status. ★ Sex-Gender System ★ Brahma and The Origin of Caste ○ Challenged by contemporary and ○ Brahmins - Are Priests and modern societies Teachers ○ Gender and Gender Roles are ○ Kshatriyas - Are Warriors and associated with one's biological Rulers sex ○ Vaishyas - Are Farmers, Traders and Merchants ○ Shudras - Are Labourers  Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 1st Quarter | 1st Semester ○ Dalits - also known as outcastes, Ethnicity and Religion are street sweepers and latrine cleaners ★ Ethnicity ★ SocioEconomic Class of the Philippines ○ A specific group of people with similar characteristic and a ○ Upper - 10%, distinct cultural identity, which ○ Middle - 20%, distinguishes them from other ○ Lower - 70% groups in society ★ Karl Marx’ Socioeconomic System ○ Denotes the shared culture of ★ Bourgeois said groups, such as heritage, language/dialect, religion, ○ Owner of the means of tradition/rituals, norms, beliefs production/monetary land and other practices ○ Does not work but is wealthy Cultural Traits; Diverse ★ Proletariat ★ Race ○ Does not own the means of ○ A socially constructed category production attributed to people with the ○ Must work and sell their labor same biological traits or power in order to survive attributes Unitary; Singular ★ Types of Capital Both Ethnicity and Race are social ○ Economic – Natural Resources constructs only ○ Social – Relationships ○ Cultural – Knowledge, Skills, ★ Ethnolinguistic Groups Beliefs, Ideas ○ Groups with their own language ★ Capital – Resources available to an individual ★ Religion ★ Social Implications of Socioeconomic ○ A system of beliefs, worldwide Di erence views and practices related to humanity and spirituality. ○ Government ○ Company ★ Animism ○ Land ○ Spiritual forces that reside in the natural elements of the physical world (trees, the ocean, wind) ○ Earliest Record of Religion  Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 1st Quarter | 1st Semester ★ Social Implications of Diverse Ethnicities ★ Stigmatization ○ Prejudice – A preconceived ○ A negative Idea/thought/beliefs notion that gives a negative view that society holds about a onto others particular characteristic, practice ○ Stereotype – The generalization or person of a group of people ★ Discrimination ○ Minority – Prejudice and Stereotype are imposed onto ○ Action or negative treatment them given to a person by another as a result of stigmatization and Exceptionality stereotypes ★ Disability Nationality ○ The interaction of an individual’s ★ Nationality health condition with environmental factors ○ A person’s belonging or membership to a specific nation ★ Exceptionality or state ○ Describes how an individual’s ○ Dependent on the recognized specific abilities di ers from the and enacted nationality law in a established average or typical particular state qualities ★ Jus Sanguinis - Right of Blood; ○ Society must ensure that people Determined by the parents nationality with exceptionalities will receive ★ Jus Soli - Right of Land; Determined by benefits from individualized the place/land the child is born onto assistance, support, and accommodations in schools and ★ Naturalization public settings. ○ Legal process of acquiring a ★ Non-Exceptionality citizenship and nationality from a di erent state ○ Was made to di erentiate between those with exceptionalities and those without exceptionalities ★ Stereotyping ○ Oversimplified assumption to a group of people having the same label  Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 1st Quarter | 1st Semester ★ Ethnocentrism Lesson 2: Social, Political, Behavior, ○ Judging another culture based Phenomena, Change on how it compares to one’s own culture ★ Society ★ Cultural Relativism ○ A group of individuals held ○ Practice of assessing a culture by together by enduring relations in its own standard pursuit of common ends ★ Socialization ★ Culture ○ Process of immersing oneself in a ○ Society’s way of life expressed particular society and culture, through material and even at birth nonmaterial aspects ○ Allows for a nation to continue or ★ Politics transmit its social, cultural, and political identity from one ○ Set of activities and actions that generation to another. are used to hold power in a government Cultural Process in Cultural Change Forms of Culture ★ Cultural Di usion ★ Material Culture (Tangible) ○ Dissemination of cultural components and traits from one ○ Set of physical objects made by group or society to another the members of a society ○ Also known as artifacts ★ Acculturation ★ Non-Material Culture (Intangible) ○ Process of adopting the practices and values of one group but still ○ Intangible aspects of culture (i.e retaining the groups’ original Ideas, Beliefs, Traditions) culture Cultural Change ★ Transculturation ★ Cultural Universals ○ Merging and converging of cultures to create a new cultural ○ Traits or patterns of behavior phenomenon that is shared by all human cultures  Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 1st Quarter | 1st Semester ★ Agents of Cultural Change in Society ★ Critical Theory - Focuses on critiquing society and culture to liberate people ○ Family, School, Religion, Media, Leadership, Law ★ Symbolic Interaction ○ Explains how people interact, Lesson 3: Defining Culture and Society make sense of their world, and ★ Anthropology attach meaning to it by using symbols ○ Study of Man (i.e. behavior, ○ Played by actors that make sense origin, social, physical, and if his world through symbols cultural development) ○ Communicated and Interpreted by individuals ★ Sociology ○ Study of Society Aspects of Culture and Society Theories on Cultural and Society ★ Culture as Dynamic, Flexible and Adaptive ★ Structural Functionalism ○ Culture changes as time passes, ○ Focuses on the interpreted parts though it does so slowly of society and their important ○ Dynamism and flexibility are two functions to achieve order and characteristics of culture. balance ★ Cultural Lag ○ Di erent parts with various important functions to maintain ○ Occurs when material culture order changes or advances but ○ Functional for society’s survival nonmaterial culture remains stagnant ★ Manifest Function - Intended outcome of social activity ★ Subculture ★ Latent Function - Unintended e ects of social activity, however it isn’t ○ The shared way of living of a necessarily negative subgroup in a society ★ Conflict Theories ★ Counterculture ○ Believes that social order is ○ Type of subculture which rejects maintained through the some of the norms acceptable to domination of one group over the general public another ○ Used by dominant groups to rule society further  Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 1st Quarter | 1st Semester ★ Agents of Socialization ★ Cultural Relativism ○ Peers, Mass Media, Religion, ○ Suggests that a specific culture Family, Educational Institutions should only be viewed in the context of its own cultural ★ Patterns of Social Interaction standards ○ Constant interaction of members ○ Franz Boas was one of the first to in a group can create patterns of introduce the concept behavior ★ Cultural Relativism mitigates ○ Can be seen through – Arts, Ethnocentrism Beliefs, Values ★ Perspective in analyzing cultures ★ Language and Culture ○ Emic – Understanding culture ○ Consists of signs, symbols and from the native’s point of view gestures with attached meanings ○ Etic – Presents an outsider's view that members of society share by employing external factors ○ May di er from one culture to another Tangible and Intangible Heritage ○ Daniel Evertt regard language as a cultural tool that was used in ★ Heritage order to get things done ○ Anything passed down from one Lesson 4: Ethnocentrism and Cultural generation to another Relativism ★ Cultural Heritage ★ Ethnocentrism ○ Represents a particular groups’ ○ The belief that one’s own culture way of living that is passed down is superior or more dominant from one generation to another than others. ★ Tangible Heritage ★ White Man’s Burden – The belief that ○ are material forms of cultural the whites have the duty to save the heritage. nonwhites from being savage and civilized; was used to justify colonization ○ Movable Cultural Heritage – are artifacts or objects that can be ★ Xenocentrism easily transported, such as ○ Looking at other cultures as sculptures, musical instruments, better than one’s own clothing, and tools for livelihood. ○ Results in feelings of inferiority ○ Immovable Cultural Heritage – includes structures such as  Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 1st Quarter | 1st Semester monuments, buildings, or even a ★ Enculturation whole town. ○ Process where an individual or ○ Natural Heritage – sites are not group learns culture through merely places, but are also experience or observation considered as part of a group’s culture. ○ Important part of socialization, because it enables culture to be ★ Intangible Heritage shared ○ are non-material aspects of a ★ Nature cultural heritage. ○ Personality/Identity that is ○ Includes oral tradition, inborn and inherited performing arts, rituals, ★ Nurture festivities, knowledge about nature, or skills in producing ○ Personalities shaped by social traditional crafts. forces that we interact with from ★ Simon Thurley’s Heritage Cycle birth onwards Theories of Identity Formation ★ Psychodynamic Theory ○ Placed great emphasis on the unconscious in Identity development ○ By Sigmund Freud ○ Keyword: Fixation Lesson 5: Enculturation and Socialization ★ Theory of Cognitive Development ○ Influenced greatly by cognitive processes, which are the brain’s Identity Formation mechanism ○ Learn specific skills at every ★ Socialization stage of their brain’s physical ○ Process through which we development develop our awareness of social ○ By Jean Piaget norms and values ○ Keyword: Cognitive ○ Lifelong process that is essential in forming our sense of self ○ Starts in the family  Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 1st Quarter | 1st Semester ★ Theory of Moral Development Norms and Values ○ Develop morality (sense of what is right and wrong) at every stage ★ Norms as they physically and cognitively ○ Rules or Expectations that guide develop the behaviour of the members of ○ By Lawrence Kohlberg society ○ Keyword: Moral ○ Sets the standard for ★ Post-Freudian Theory acceptable/unacceptable behavior within the group ○ Human Development does not end in childhood but in old age ★ Values ○ By Erik Erikson ○ Set of standards seen as good ○ Keyword: Identity and desirable ○ Developed through socialization ★ 8 Stages of the Post-Freudian Theory ○ Infancy – Trust vs Mistrust Status and Roles ○ Early Childhood – Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt ★ Status ○ Preschool – Initiative vs Guilt ○ A social position that a person ○ School Age – Industry vs holds Inferiority ○ A status set is composed of ○ Adolescence – Identity vs Role various statuses that a person Confusion holds ○ Young Adulthood – Intimacy vs Isolation ★ Types of Statuses: ○ Middle Age – Generativity vs ○ Ascribed – Involuntarily Stagnation acquired; something acquired at ○ Old Age – Ego Identity vs Despair birth ○ Achieved – Voluntarily acquired; ★ Theory of Social Self reflects a person’s e ort and ○ Children develop their social ability selves by distinguishing “me” ★ Roles and “I” ○ From an egocentric view, children ○ Behavior expected from develop their ability to see someone within a particular themselves from others social status perspective ○ A Role set is defined as the roles ○ By George Herbert Mead attached ○ Keyword: Social  Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 1st Quarter | 1st Semester ★ Role Dynamics: ○ Social Values ○ Sanctions ○ Role Conflict – When a person ○ Rewards and Punishments experiences conflict among the roles connected to two or more ★ What makes informal means of social statuses control so e ective? ○ Role Strain – When tension is ○ Sympathy, Sociability, Sense of involved in just one status Justice, Resentment ○ Role Exit – When a person Conformity disengages from certain roles; Usually happens when a person ★ Conformity starts to doubt his/her role and purpose ○ Matching one's behavior to what is expected of him or her by Lesson 5: Conformity, Deviance and Human society Dignity ○ Doing what is socially acceptable ○ Edward Alsworth Ross described ★ Social Control social control as the basis of ○ Refers to the certain ways that order and cooperation in society society encourages people to ★ Ensuring Conformity through Formal behave Means Forms of Social Control ○ Proscriptive – What cannot be done ★ Formal ○ Prescriptive – What should be done ○ Institutionalized rewards and punishments implemented to Deviance prevent chaos in society ★ Formal Means of Social Control ★ Deviance ○ Laws ○ Refers to an act that violates ○ Education cultural norms ○ Coercion ○ Violations of established ★ Informal contextual, cultural, or social norms (folkways, mores, codified ○ Internalized sense of what is laws) right and wrong through ○ Challenges Society socialization  Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 1st Quarter | 1st Semester ★ Strain Theory Forms of Deviance ○ Traces the origins of deviance ★ Formal that are caused by the gap between cultural goals and ○ Violations of formally enacted available means for people to laws achieve them ★ Informal ○ Violations of informal cultural norms John Hagan’s Classification of Deviant Acts ★ Consensus Crimes ○ The public agrees that these acts are injurious and morally Human Dignity, Rights and Common Good intolerable ★ Human Dignity ★ Conflict Crimes ○ Every human being has the right ○ Disagreement on the seriousness to be treated with respect and of the crimes value ★ Social Deviance ★ Violations of Human Dignity ○ Not necessarily illegal but widely ★ Humiliation regarded as serious or harmful ○ Acts that may result in ★ Social Diversions diminished self-worth ○ Example: Shaming ○ Not necessarily harmful but is (reintegrative or stigmatic) regarded as distasteful ★ Instrumentalization or Objectification ★ “Deviance is an integral part of society” – David Emile Durkheim ○ Acts where others are treated as means towards achieving a goal ○ Challenges people’s present ○ Example: Use of female bodies views in ads ○ When deviance is punished, it ★ Degradation rea rms currently held social norms ○ Acts that degrade the value of human beings  Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 1st Quarter | 1st Semester ○ Example: Slavery ★ Dehumanization ○ Acts that strip a person or group of their human characteristics ○ Example: Domestic Violence ★ Human Rights ○ Defined by the United Nations as “right inherent to all human beings regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language or any other status.” ★ Common Good ○ Shared values, structures, and processes that will benefit all members of the community