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# Многонационалните империи In large empires, inhabited by different peoples, such as the Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman empires, nationalist movements emerged. *These movements developed in the peripheral and Western parts of the empires, notably the Balkans and the western regions of Rus...

# Многонационалните империи In large empires, inhabited by different peoples, such as the Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman empires, nationalist movements emerged. *These movements developed in the peripheral and Western parts of the empires, notably the Balkans and the western regions of Russia, populated by Poles and Ukrainians.* The Russian Empire developed its own brand of nationalism, which was a continuation of old traditions, viewing Russian Orthodoxy as protection from "bad" Western ideas. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, nationalist movements spread throughout the empire, directly threatening its unity. Joseph Mazzini, an Italian, was a key figure in expressing these nationalist ideas. In the Czech and Slovak regions, figures like Jan Kollár and Josef Šafařík were important intellectual leaders of these movements. In the Ottoman Empire, nationalism manifested in three ways: 1. Inspiring the desire for freedom from Ottoman rule among Balkan Christians. 2. Promoting resistance to Greek (religious and secular) influence, which they perceived via the Patriarchate of Constantinople. 3. Stimulating the creation of national identities by highlighting differences among previously mixed Balkan populations. Given that the nascent nations within the empires were small and weak, the question arose of whether they could achieve independence or if their liberation would come at the expense of Russia or Austria. The struggles of the Romanians, Greeks, Serbs, and Bulgarians during the 19th century demonstrate that the successors of the Ottoman Empire in Europe would not be Russia or Austria, but the Balkan peoples themselves.