Cellular Structure and Function PDF

Cellular Structure and Function  Module Introduction Module Introduction Lesson 1: Cell Discovery and Theory Lesson 2: The Plasma Membrane Lesson 3: Cellular Transport Lesson 4: Structures and Organelles  Lesson 1 Cell Discovery and Theory  New Vocabular...

Cellular Structure and Function  Module Introduction Module Introduction Lesson 1: Cell Discovery and Theory Lesson 2: The Plasma Membrane Lesson 3: Cellular Transport Lesson 4: Structures and Organelles  Lesson 1 Cell Discovery and Theory  New Vocabulary cell cell theory plasma membrane eukaryotic cell organelle nucleus prokaryotic cell  Review Vocabulary organization: the orderly structure shown by living things  ENCOUNTER THE PHENOMENON What could you see if you used this microscope?  Focus Question How did the invention of the microscope lead to the discovery of cells?  History of the Cell Theory A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells are so small that their existence was unknown before the invention of microscopes.  History of the Cell Theory The cell theory is one of the fundamental ideas of modern biology. It includes the following three principles: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms. Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells.  Microscope Technology Compound Light Microscopes Use a series of glass lenses and visible light to magnify images Magnify images up to ~1000× actual size Electron Microscopes Create an image by illuminating a sample with a beam of electrons and collecting the electrons that are reflected back from the sample Magnify images up to 500,000× actual size  Basic Cell Types All cells have a plasma membrane – a special boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell. Most cells contain genetic material in some form. Most cells break down molecules to generate energy. There are two basic kinds of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic.  Basic Cell Types Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and other organelles. Organelles are specialized structures that perform specific cell functions. The nucleus is the distinct central organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material. Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells.  Basic Cell Types Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. Most unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, are prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic organisms are probably similar to the first organisms that lived on Earth.  Basic Cell Types The endosymbiont theory proposes that a symbiotic relationship formed between two prokaryotic cells, one of which lived inside the other. Eventually the symbiotic relationship led to the two cells becoming one. Because eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, they developed specific functions. These specific functions led to cell diversity, and thus, to organismal diversity.