U2-READING PRACTICE 1.docx

**READING** Protectionist policies are typically focused on imports but may also involve other aspects of international trade such as product standards and government subsidies. The merits of protectionism are the subject of fierce debate. Critics argue that over the long term, protectionism often...

**READING** Protectionist policies are typically focused on imports but may also involve other aspects of international trade such as product standards and government subsidies. The merits of protectionism are the subject of fierce debate. Critics argue that over the long term, protectionism often hurts the people and entities it is intended to protect by slowing economic growth and increasing price inflation, making free trade a better alternative. Proponents of protectionism argue that the policies can help to create domestic jobs, increase gross domestic product (GDP), and make a domestic economy more competitive globally. **Types of Protectionist Tools** **Tariffs** Import tariffs are one of the top tools a government uses when seeking to enact protectionist policies. There are three main import tariff concepts that can be theorized for protective measures. In general, all forms of import tariffs are charged to the importing country and documented at government customs. Import tariffs raise the price of imports for a country. Scientific tariffs are import tariffs imposed on an item-by-item basis, raising the price of goods for the importer and passing on higher prices to the end buyer. Peril point import tariffs are focused on a specific industry. These tariffs involve the calculation of the levels at which point tariff decreases or increases would cause significant harm to an industry overall, potentially leading to the jeopardy of closure due to an inability to compete. Retaliatory tariffs are tariffs enacted primarily as a response to excessive duties being charged by trading partners. **Import Quotas** Import quotas are nontariff barriers that are put in place to limit the number of products that can be imported over a set period of time. The purpose of quotas is to limit the supply of specified products provided by an exporter to an importer. This is typically a less drastic action that has a marginal effect on prices and leads to higher demand for domestic businesses to cover the shortfall. Quotas may also be put in place to prevent dumping, which occurs when foreign producers export products at prices lower than production costs. An embargo, in which the importation of designated products is completely prohibited, is the most severe type of quota. **Product Standards** Product safety and low-quality products or materials are typically top concerns when enacting product standards. Product standard protectionism can be a barrier that limits imports based on a country's internal controls. Some countries may have lower regulatory standards in the areas of food preparation, intellectual property enforcement, or materials production. This can lead to a product standard requirement or a blockage of certain imports due to regulatory enforcement. Overall, restricting imports through the implementation of product standards can often lead to a higher volume of production domestically. For one example, consider French cheeses made with raw instead of pasteurized milk, which must be aged at least 60 days prior to being imported to the U.S. Because the process for producing many French kinds of cheese often involves aging of 50 days or fewer, some of the most popular French cheeses are banned from the U.S., providing an advantage for U.S. producers. **Government Subsidies** Government subsidies can come in various forms. Generally, they may be direct or indirect. Direct subsidies provide businesses with cash payments. Indirect subsidies come in the form of special savings such as interest-free loans and tax breaks. When exploring subsidies, government officials may choose to provide direct or indirect subsidies in the areas of production, employment, tax, property, and more. When seeking to boost a country's balance of trade, a country might also choose to offer subsidies to businesses for exports. Export subsidies provide an incentive for domestic businesses to expand globally by increasing their exports internationally. **What Are Examples of Protectionism?** Common examples of protectionism, or tools that are used to implement a policy of protectionism include tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. All of these tools are meant to promote domestic companies by making foreign goods more expensive or scarce. Is Protectionism Left-Wing or Right-Wing Politics? Traditionally, protectionism is a left-wing policy. Right-wing politics generally support free trade, which is the opposite of a protectionist stance. Left-wing politics support economic populism, of which protectionism is a part. **What Are the Arguments for Protectionism?** Lawmakers that favor protectionist trade policies believe that they protect jobs at home, help support and grow small companies and industries, and provide a layer of security to the nation. 1\. What are protectionist policies typically focused on? a\) Exports b\) Imports c\) Domestic production 2\. What is the main criticism of protectionism? a\) It leads to higher prices for consumers b\) It slows economic growth c\) It increases competition 3\. What is an import tariff? a\) A tax on exports b\) A tax on imports c\) A tax on domestic production 4\. What is an example of a scientific tariff? a\) A tariff imposed on a specific industry b\) A tariff imposed on an item-by-item basis c\) A tariff enacted as a response to excessive duties by trading partners 5\. What is the purpose of import quotas? a\) To limit the supply of specified products provided by an exporter to an importer b\) To increase the supply of specified products provided by an exporter to an importer c\) To eliminate competition from domestic businesses 6\. What is an example of a product standard? a\) A tax break for domestic businesses b\) A cash payment to businesses from the government c\) A restriction on imports based on a country\'s internal controls 7\. What are government subsidies? a\) Cash payments to businesses from the government b\) Taxes on domestic production c\) Taxes on exports 8\. Which political ideology generally supports free trade? a\) Left-wing politics b\) Neither left-wing nor right-wing politics c\) Right-wing politics 9.What is the main idea of this paragraph? Tariffs Import tariffs are one of the top tools a government uses when seeking to enact protectionist policies. There are three main import tariff concepts that can be theorized for protective measures. In general, all forms of import tariffs are charged to the importing country and documented at government customs. Import tariffs raise the price of imports for a country. Scientific tariffs are import tariffs imposed on an item-by-item basis, raising the price of goods for the importer and passing on higher prices to the end buyer. Peril point import tariffs are focused on a specific industry. These tariffs involve the calculation of the levels at which point tariff decreases or increases would cause significant harm to an industry overall, potentially leading to the jeopardy of closure due to an inability to compete. Retaliatory tariffs are tariffs enacted primarily as a response to excessive duties being charged by trading partners. a\) The benefits of free trade policies b\) The drawbacks of import quotas c\) The different types of import tariffs d\) The advantages of government subsidies **10. What is the main idea of the reading?** a\) The drawbacks of import quotas b\) The advantages of government subsidies c\) The benefits of free trade policies d\) The different types of protectionist policies