Types of Plants PDF

Learn about It! Types of Plants Angiosperms Gymnosperms The Flowering Plants The Non-flowering Plants Sampaguita flower Pine tree  Learn about It! Types of Plants Angiosperms bear flowers contain seeds enclosed in an ovary in the form of fruits...

Learn about It! Types of Plants Angiosperms Gymnosperms The Flowering Plants The Non-flowering Plants Sampaguita flower Pine tree  Learn about It! Types of Plants Angiosperms bear flowers contain seeds enclosed in an ovary in the form of fruits Avocado flowers and fruits  Learn about It! Types of Plants Gymnosperms do not bear flowers contain “naked seeds” called cones Pine tree leaves and cones  Learn about It! Parts of a Flower Androecium (male structure) Gynoecium (female structure). Sexual reproductive structures of a flower  Learn about It! Parts of a Flower Androecium is the male structure of a flowering plant that consists of whorls of stamen. Sexual reproductive structures of a flower  Learn about It! Parts of a Flower Androecium The stamen is comprised of the filament and the anther. The filament is a long, slender stalk that holds the anther. Flower showing the male and female parts  Learn about It! Parts of a Flower Androecium The anther produces the pollen grains (male reproductive cells). Flower showing the male and female parts  Learn about It! Parts of a Flower Gynoecium It is the female reproductive structure of a flowering plant. Sexual reproductive structures of a flower  Learn about It! Parts of a Flower Gynoecium The style is a slender stalk that supports the stigma. The stigma is the sticky part that receives the pollen. Flower showing the male and female parts  Learn about It! Parts of a Flower Gynoecium The ovary is the basal sac that contains the ovules (female reproductive cells). Flower showing the male and female parts  Learn about It! Parts of a Cone Male Cones Female Cones Male cones soft scales that Female cones have overlapping contain the pollen. scales.  Learn about It! Parts of a Cone Male Cones They are usually smaller and softer than its female counterpart. Commonly, male cone has scales where the two pollen sacs are located. Male cones at the tip of twigs  Learn about It! Parts of a Cone Female Cones They are usually attached to the branch of the stem of the gymnosperm. The scales of female cone grow in a helical fashion. The scales overlap to each other like fish Female cone attached scales. to a branch  Learn about It! Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms Pollination It unites the male and female reproductive cells or gametes. It takes place once the pollen grains reached the female stigma. A bee, transferring pollen from one flower to the other.  Learn about It! Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms Pollination Autogamy - pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same flower Geitonogamy - pollen is transferred to the stigma of another flower but of the same plant. Xenogamy - cross-pollination  Learn about It! Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms Pollination Types of pollination  Learn about It! Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms Fertilization It takes place when the sperm (germinated pollen) unites with the egg (ovule) forming a fertilized egg called a zygote. Elongation of the pollen tube during pre-fertilization process  Learn about It! Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms Post-fertilization The zygote develops into an embryo while the endosperm nucleus develops into the endosperm. Parts of a fruit  Learn about It! Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms Post-fertilization The ovule, which contains the embryo and the endosperm, matures into a seed while the ovary forms the pericarp of the fruit. Parts of a fruit  Learn about It! Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms 1. Pollination 2. Fertilization 3. Post-fertilization Female cones of a gymnosperm  Learn about It! Asexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms Pollination a. The wind carries the pollen from the male cones to the female cones. b. A sticky substance secreted by the ovule collects the pollen. c. The ovule closes and seals in the pollen. Dispersal of pollen grain from male cone of gymnosperm  Learn about It! Asexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms Fertilization When the pollen reaches an ovule through the elongation of the pollen tube, the egg becomes fertilized. The result is an embryo that starts to grow, protected by sporophytic tissue. A developing gymnosperm seed takes over a year to mature.  Learn about It! Asexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms Post-fertilization For seed dispersal, the scales on the cones of some species of gymnosperm escape from the cone when fully developed. Cone seeds have wings attached to the seeds that helps in the proper dispersal of the seeds. When seeds land, it germinate if the conditions are favorable. Key Points Sexual reproduction in plants require the union of male 1 (pollen) and female (ovule) sex cells. Angiosperms are flowering plants. Gymnosperms have 2 no flowers or fruits, instead, they have cones. Flowers are the reproductive organs in angiosperms. They 3 consist of the androecium (male structure) and gynoecium (female structure).  Learn about It! Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction in animals is a type of reproduction that does not need two parents to produce an offspring. The offspring is the exact copy of the parent animal since they are genetically identical. A swarm of bees  Learn about It! Four Types of Asexual Reproduction Fission Natural Artificial Fragmentation Budding Sea anemone reproduces Parthenogenesis asexually.  Learn about It! Four Types of Asexual Reproduction Fission Fission happens when two individuals form as the parent divides in half. Types: Binary and Multiple Examples: sea anemone, amoeba, Salmonella bacterium Paramecium, and Euglena undergoing fission  Learn about It! Two Types of Fission Binary Fission It involves two individuals formed from a single parent. The nucleus first divides into two followed by cytokinesis, then it separates into two daughter cells. The steps of binary fission  Learn about It! Two Types of Fission Multiple Fission It results into several offspring that are formed from a single parent. Examples: amoeba and Paramecium Multiple fission in amoeba  Learn about It! Four Types of Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation It involves the breaking of body parts into fragments, followed by regeneration and regrowth of lost parts. Examples: annelid worms, turbellarians, sea stars, planaria Fragmentation in planaria and poriferans  Learn about It! Four Types of Asexual Reproduction Budding It happens when an outgrowth, called a bud, grows and develops from the parent animal. Examples: corals, hydra, and yeast Budding in hydra  Learn about It! Four Types of Asexual Reproduction Parthenogenesis It is the reproduction of offspring without fertilization. The unfertilized egg develops into an adult animal. The resulting offspring can either be haploid or diploid. Examples: bees, mites, aphids, and Komodo dragon  Learn about It! Four Types of Asexual Reproduction Examples of parthenogenetic animals aphids bees Komodo dragon Key Points Asexual reproduction in animals is a type of 1 reproduction that does not need two parents to produce an offspring. Asexual reproduction in animals has four types: Fission involves division of cells producing daughter cells. Fragmentation is the breaking of body parts followed by 2 regeneration. Budding involves the development of an outgrowth. Parthenogenesis is reproduction without fertilization.  Learn about It! Sexual Reproduction It involves male and female parents to produce offspring through the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg cells) generated by meiosis. Butterflies during their reproduction  Learn about It! Sexual Reproduction Since sexual reproduction needs two parents to produce an offspring, the combination of genes from both parents increases the chances of species variation. A butterfly with unique colors  Learn about It! Two Stages of Sexual Reproduction Gametogenesis It is the formation of male and female gametes. Types: spermatogenesis and oogenesis A representation of egg cell and sperm cells  Learn about It! Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis It is the formation of sperm cells in males. It takes place in the testes. Spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.  Learn about It! Gametogenesis Oogenesis It is the formation of egg cells in females. It takes place in the ovaries. Oogenesis in the ovary  Learn about It! Two Stages of Sexual Reproduction Fertilization It is the union of male and female sex cells. Types: external and internal A representation of sperm cell racing to fertilize the egg cell.  Learn about It! Fertilization External Fertilization It is the union of egg and sperm occurs outside the female reproductive tract. This is common among aquatic animals like Seahorses reproduce through amphibians and seahorse. external fertilization.  Learn about It! Fertilization Internal Fertilization It is the union of egg and sperm occurs within the female reproductive tract. This type is common in most sharks, birds, aquatic reptiles, and mammals. Types: oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity  Learn about It! Internal Fertilization Oviparity The eggs are fertilized internally and receive nourishment through their yolk. Examples: some bony and cartilaginous fishes, most Monotremes are mammals reptiles, some amphibians, all that lay eggs. birds, and monotremes  Learn about It! Internal Fertilization Ovoviviparity The eggs are fertilized internally, and they complete their development within the mother. The zygotes grow into embryos, which receive their nourishment through the yolk. A lizard, laying eggs Examples: fish and reptiles  Learn about It! Internal Fertilization Viviparity The eggs are fertilized internally. The embryos receive nourishment directly from the mother’s blood through the placenta rather than from the yolk. A developing embryo  Learn about It! Post-fertilization The fertilized egg undergoes a series of cell divisions termed as cleavage. Cleavage is a series of extremely rapid mitotic divisions wherein large volume of cellular materials are divided into multiple smaller cells.  Learn about It! Post-fertilization A hollow ball of cells termed as the blastula is formed. The blastula further differentiates into gastrula that allows layering of cells in the developing embryo.  Learn about It! Post-fertilization Cleavage formation in developing embryo Key Points Sexual reproduction involves the union of male and 1 female gametes. Sexual reproduction has two main stages: Gametogenesis is the formation of the male and 2 female sex cells. Fertilization is the union of the male gametes that forms the zygote.