Types Of Microorganism PDF

MICROBIOLOGY Lesson 2: Types of Microorganism 1  At the end of this lecture, students will be able to: a) Describe the classification of major group of microorganism. b) State the types of microorganisms. c) List the structure, size and properties of each micr...

MICROBIOLOGY Lesson 2: Types of Microorganism 1  At the end of this lecture, students will be able to: a) Describe the classification of major group of microorganism. b) State the types of microorganisms. c) List the structure, size and properties of each microorganism. d) Explain the sporulation. e) Explain the factors influencing the growth and reproduction of the organism. 2 Introduction A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). First observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1675. Found everywhere (skin, mouth, water, clothes, etc…) 3  Types of Microorganisms Modern microbiology studies many types of microorganisms, divided into 5 major categories: Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Algae Introduction Microorganism Acellular Cellular Virus Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Helminths Algae 5 Bacteria 6  BACTERIA Size – 1-5 micrometer Nucleic acid – both RNA & DNA Mitochondria – absent Outer surface – rigid containing peptidoglycan Replication – multiply binary fission Mortality – some Pathogenic & useful of bacteria. Bacteria grow with presence of oxygen (aerobic) Bacteria grow without oxygen (anaerobic) Bacteria grow with and without oxygen (facultative anaerobic) Growth occurs over a wide range of temperatures, usually at a neutral pH  BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION Based on morphology and staining - Morphology : cocci, bacilli, spiral , pleomorphic - Staining : gram positive & gram negative - Oxygen requirement : aerobic or anaerobic - Spore forming - MAJOR GROUP OF BACTERIA - - gram positive & gram negative bacteria - Spiral bacteria - Acid-fast bacilli - Cell wall deficient – from genera of  MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA Depending on their shape, bacteria are classified as: i. Coccus – oval or spherical shaped cells ii. Bacillus – rod-shaped cells iii. Vibrios – curved or coma shaped cells iv. Spirillium – rigid spiral forms v. Spirochetes – coiled 10  a) Morphology Cocci Round shaped bacteria Streptococci: chains Staphylococci: clumps. Diplococci: pairs 11  Bacilli - rod shaped / oval shaped. - single - chains 12  Spirals - spirilla rigid & curved. - spirochaetes flexible & spiral. 13 Multiplies by binary fusion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XlCA- cdvSvU 14 Staining https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FassEL AQa1Y 16 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P JmtkQpqJxE 17 18  BACTERIA Most bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall Bacteria can be distinguish as:- → Gram-positive bacteria – thick layer of peptidoglycan. → Gram-negative bacteria – thinner layer of peptidoglycan. Divided based on their response to gaseous oxygen:- aerobic, anaerobic or facultative anaerobes (can live in both environments). Disease Causative agent Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) Mycobacterium leprae Tetanus Clostridium tetani Whooping Cough Bordetella pertussis Typhoid Fever Salmonella typhi Paratyphoid Fever Salmonella paratyphi Cholera Vibrio cholorae Plague Yersinia pestis Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Meningitis Neisseria meningitidis 20 Bacterial Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Botulism Clostridium botulinum Bacterial Dysentry Shigella dysenteriae Diarrhoea Escherichia coli Food Poisoning Salmonella enteriditis Gas Gangrene Clostridium perfringens Syphilis Treponema pallidum Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae Gonorrhoea Neisseria gonorrhoeae 21 VIRUS 23 Virus 24  Virus Latin = toxin or poison. Microscopic (20 to 1000nm) infectious agent that can only reproduce inside a host cell (obligate intracellular). All living cells. Contains either DNA or RNA (acellular), capsid. 25  Virus Specific virus attack specific cell. Bacteriophage – attack bacteria cells. Eg : Respiratory Syncytial Virus – cells of respiratory tract. Growth requirements: Living cell Temperature (low) pH (physiological) 26  VIRUSES ØThe shapes of viruses are: Polyhedral → many sided Helical → coiled tubes Bullet shape Spherical or complex combination  Effects on host : 1. Cytopathic effect - kills cells - eg. Adenovirus, HIV 29 2. Latency No obvious effect but potentially infectious. eg. Varicella Zoster 3. Transformation Transforms host cells to malignant form. eg. Hepatitis B virus – liver carcinoma. 30  Examples Measles Chicken pox Hepatitis AIDS 31 Diseases cause by virus 32  Diseases cause by virus 1. Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – AIDS 2. Falvi virus – Dengue fever 3. Varicella zoster – Chicken pox 4. Rota virus – Gastroenteritis 5. Rhino virus – Cold 33 BASIC STEPS IN VIRAL LIFE CYCLE. vAttachment vPenetration vUncoating and eclipse vSynthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein vAssembly (maturation) vrelease  VIRAL LIFE CYCLE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtHY4uuVnDU FUNGI  FUNGI Fungi are eukaryotic organisms, they have a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They lack chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesize like plants. Fungi have cell walls, but the composition is different from plants They typically reproduce via spores. Usually in an environment with a pH about 5 (acidic). Resistant to osmotic pressure, hence can grow on high sugar or salt concentration Multicellular (molds) and unicellular (yeasts).  Roles and Importance of Fungi Fungi play crucial roles in ecosystems, acting as decomposers, symbionts (e.g., mycorrhizal associations with plant roots), and pathogens. Many fungi are essential for food production (e.g., bread, cheese, alcohol) and have medicinal applications (e.g., penicillin). Some fungi can cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans, known as fungal infections or mycoses.  Structure and Growth Fungi typically grow as filamentous structures called hyphae, which collectively form a mycelium. Hyphae can secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from their environment. Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually, depending on the species. Understanding the diversity and roles of fungi is important in fields such as ecology, agriculture, medicine, and  Diseases caused by Fungi Disease Casual Agent Cryptococcosis Cryptococcus neoformans Candidiasis, Vaginitis, Thrush, Candida albicans Onychia Tinea Pedis (Athelete Foot) Trichophyton mentagrophytes Tinea Cruris Trichophyton rubrum (Fungal Groin Infection) Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidiodomycosis Coccidiodes immitis  YEASTS CHARACTERISTICS - Depend on other organic matters for food: - i) depend on non-living organic called SAPROPHYTES - II) depend on living organic called PARASITES. - Found on fruits, vege skin, grain, water, soil. - Grow fast in warm temperature. - Reproduce very fast in sugar solution. - Reproduce every 20 minutes. - Can be killed at boiling temperature.  YEASTS Candida Albicans Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. Cryptococcus Neoformas Sporothrix Schenckil Dermatophytes.  YEASTS EXAMPLES: 1) Candida Albicans. - Found on mucous membrane of mouth, throat and vagina. - It causes a ulceration known as THRUSH. 2) Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. - Turns sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. - Carbon dioxide is released is responsible for rising the dough during baking. - Useful in wine and beer industry and to bakers. 3) Cryptococcus Neoformans. - Found in cerebrospinal fluid 4) Sporothrix Schenckil. - Causes skin infection. 5) Dermatophytes. - Cause athlete’s foot, ringworm, infection of hair, skin and Thrush (Candida) 47 Athlete’s foot (Mould) 48 Ringworm (Mould) 49  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3hFHFyzGj Y&t=4s 50  Unicellular , eukaryotic cells. Flagella, cillia and pseudopia. 10 – 100micrometer. Live in water, soil and other organisms. Most are motile.(moving) Heterotrophic – gets food from environment (absorb / engulf) 51  Growth requirements Organic compounds. Water. Essential elements – C, H, O, N, P,S. Temperature – 20oC to 40oC (pathogenic). Aerobic and anaerobic. pH ~6 to 8. 52  Classes Sporozoa – Plasmodium sp (malaria). Flagellate protozoa – Trypanosomes sp (sleeping sickness). Ciliated protozoa – Paramecium sp. Amoebae – Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic dysentery). 53  Reproduces via a) Asexual (binary fusion) b) Sexually (sporogony & schizogony) 54  Sporogony - the sexual stage in the life cycle of a parasite. Development of the zygote into spores, each containing number of sporozoites. Schizogony - the asexual reproduction of a parasite by multiple fission of the nucleus of the parasite. 55  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeTj- 3NR02w 56 Disease Agent Motion Transmission Amoebiasis Entamoeba Pseudopodia Water, Food Histolytica Giardiasis Giardia Flagella Water, Lambila Contact Trichomonias Trichomonas Flagella Sexual, is Vaginalis Contact African Trypanosoma Flagella Tsetse fly sleeping Brucei sickness America Trypanosoma Flagella Triatomid Sleeping Cruzi bug Sickness 57 Disease Agent Motile Transmission Leishmaniasis Leishmania Flagella Sandfly (Kala-azar) Donovani (phlebotomu s) Balantidiasis Balantidium Cilia Food, Water Coli Toxoplasmosi Toxoplasma NA Domestic s Gondii Cats, Food Malaria Plasmodium NA Mosquito spp. (Anopheles) Babesiosis Babesia NA Tick (Ixodes) Microti 58  ALGAE Algae, also called cyanobacteria or blue-green algae, are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes Often single-celled, microscopic organisms. Some marine species can be large, complex, multicellular organisms. Obtain nourishment by photosynthesis. They live in water, damp soil, and rocks and produce oxygen and carbohydrates used by other organisms. Do not directly infect humans….  Diseases caused by algae Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning These are the deadly diseases that can happen via algae. 60 HELMINTHS 61 HELMINTHS Multi cellular microorganism. Macroscopic – can be observed with naked eye. Can reproduce on their own. 62  A single helminths composed 1. Head – sucker and hooker. 2. Body – flat, tape or round. 3. Genitals organs. 4. Digestive, nervous, excretory and reproductive system. 63  Factors that influences the growth of helminths 1. Temperature – human body temperature 2. Oxygen 3. pH 4. Light 5. Moist 6. Nutrients 64  Helminths can classified according to shape 1. Nematode – Round worm. 2. Trematode – Fluke (Flat body). 3. Sestode – Tape worm. 65 1. NEMATODE 66 2. TREMATODE 67 3. SESTODE 68  Has 2 types reproduction of helminths – sexual 1. Fertilization – male & female worms 2. Eggs hatch – larvae (zygote formation) 69  Disease cause by helminths 1. Brugayi malayi – filariasis. 2. Ascaris lumbricoides – ascariasis. 3. Paragonimus westermani – Paragoniasis. 4. Enterobius vermicularis – Enterobiasis. 5. Loa loa – Loaisis. 70  THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF THE ORGANISM 1. Nutrient § All living microorganisms require nutrients to sustain life such as organic matter and inorganic matter. § Organic compounds – proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids For microbes, the essential nutrients are inorganic compounds - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus Microorganisms grow best in foods that are high in protein or carbohydrates Examples – Meat, poultry, seafood, milk, rice and eggs  THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF THE ORGANISM 2. Moisture Micro-organisms need water to grow and multiply - to carry out their normal metabolic processes They cannot survive in the absence of water or too little moist. There are also certain microorganisms that can survive in the complete dry environment. So, if microorganisms are placed in a moist, nutrient-rich environment, they will grow and reproduce normally.  THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF THE ORGANISM 3. Oxygen Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for survival and for multiplication, e.g. Pseudomonas, Bacillus Anaerobic bacteria do not require oxygen to grow, e.g. bacteria that cause tetanus, gas gangrene e.g. vibrio, Escherichia Coli, Salmonella Some organisms are enhanced by the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmospheric air.  THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF THE ORGANISM 4. Temperature § Every microorganism has an optimum temperature at which the organism grows best - 37°C § Thermophiles are microorganisms that grow best at high temperature - 50°C to 60°C e.g. cyanobacteria, algae. § Mesophiles are microorganisms that grow best at moderate temperature - 20°C to 40°C e.g. normal flora § Psychrophiles are microorganisms that prefer cold temperature - 10°C to 20°C. e.g. bread molds.  THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF THE ORGANISM 5. pH § Microorganisms have an optimum pH at which they grow best. § Most disease causing bacteria multiply best at a pH of 5 – 8, which is near the neutral pH of 7. § Acidophilic microbes e.g. those live in stomach, prefer a pH of 2 to 5. § Alkaliphiles microbes – alkali-loving organisms exist from pH 7.0 to 11.5 e.g. vibrio cholera. § Fresh foods such as meat, seafood and milk tend to have a pH of near 7  THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF THE ORGANISM 6. Light § Microorganisms thrive in dark environments such as those under dressings and within body cavity. § When exposed to direct sunlight → become sluggish and die rapidly § Ultraviolet light and radiation is effective in killing certain forms of bacteria. THANK YOU 78