Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - Symptoms & Treatment

**TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS - CHRONIC ENDOCRINE DISORDER ** - Absolute deficiency in insulin production caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells in our pancreas - Insulin required to allow glucose to meet metabolic and energy needs **CLINICAL FEATURES:** - Usually on yo...

**TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS - CHRONIC ENDOCRINE DISORDER ** - Absolute deficiency in insulin production caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells in our pancreas - Insulin required to allow glucose to meet metabolic and energy needs **CLINICAL FEATURES:** - Usually on young adult and children - Thin body frame due to deprived glucose to cells due to lack of insulins - Hyperglycemia symptoms such as - Weight loss -- cells are not fed of glucose - Remember the 3 Ps 1. Polyuria (Lots of Urine) 2. Polydipsia (Excessive Thirst) 3. Polyphagia (Extreme Hunger) **KETOACIDOSIS** - acid base imbalance **SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:** 1. Kussmaul breathing - specific pattern of abnormal, deep, and labored breathing that is typically seen in individuals with metabolic acidosis, particularly in conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis 2. Fruity breath due to blowing off of ketones 3. Blurred Vision 4. Nocturnal enuresis - frequent urination at night 5. Vaginal candidiasis - yeast infections due to high sugar in the body **CHRONIC MANAGEMENT** 1. Consistent meal and snack schedule with portions/compositions (balanced protein, fat and carbohydrates) 2. Frequent glucose monitoring  - Fingerstick or continuous glucose monitoring - Keep diary of glucose levels **LIFELONG INSULIN ADMINISTRATION** - Younger patients do need more insulin due to faster metabolic rate as compared to elderly. - Rotating injection sites to avoid inflammation, infection and cellulitis - Always bring glucose tablets at all times and wear a medical bracelet in case of diabetic emergency - Monitor the following: 1. Hypoglycemia 2. Diabetic Ketoacidosis - They need extra food prior to exercise - 10 - 15 grams of carbohydrates for every 30 to 45 minutes of activity - Monitor blood glucose levels before, during and after exercise - Hemoglobin A1C every 3 months - Do not withhold insulin during illness, infection, stress as diabetic patient needs more insulin during illness, infections or stress - Keep a spare bottle of insulin - Store insulin properly 1. Refrigerate prior to opening 2. Store at room temperature for up to 28 days after opening 3. Test urine for ketones **CLINICAL FEATURES OF HYPOGLYCEMIA** - Blood glucose \