TY_Sem-5_LTL Notes.pdf

Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Q.1 MCQs from Poe...

Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Q.1 MCQs from Poetry (10 Marks) Stay Calm by Grenville Kleiser 1. Who is the poet of the poem “Stay Calm”? Ans. Grenville Kleiser 2. What should you curb when you feel like saying something regrettable? Ans.Resentment 3. What should you maintain in times of resentment? Ans. Mental peace 4. When do ill thoughts cease? Ans. When your mind is tranquil 5. What's easy to be when you're defrauded or defied? Ans. To be angry 6. What feeling might you experience if your wishes are denied? Ans. To be peeved and disappointed 7. What must you learn to keep during a battle against selfishness? Ans. Learn to keep strict silent 8. What should you do when confronted by a foe? Ans. Keep your mental balance 9. What happens when your mind is tranquil? Ans. Your ill thoughts cease 10. What do you master by being poised and tranquil? Ans. THe most vital thing in life 11. What's important in life, according to the poem? Ans. Being poised and tranquil 1  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani 12. Who might feel insulted by a regrettable comment? Ans. The person who make a regrettable comment 13. What should be done with resentment? Ans. Curb 14. What's advised when confronted with strife? Ans. Being poised and tranquil 15. What is the central theme of the poem, "Stay Calm" by Grenville Kleiser? Ans. To maintain inner peace and composure 16. What is the poet's message in the poem,”Stay Calm” advocating for staying calm? Ans. Maintain a peaceful and composed demeanour in challenging situations 17. Grenville Kleiser : Birth Year - 1868, Death Year-1935 18. List of the books written by Grenville Kleiser: Inspirations and Ideals, Christ, The Master Speaker, How to Succeed in Life, and Taking God into Partnership 19. What is the Historical background of the poem ‘Stay Calm”? Ans. The Great Depression of 1930s 20. During the depression how much money was given by Gleinville Kleiser to people? Ans. 1 Dollar 21. What was written behind the one dollar cheques given by Gleinville Kleiser? Ans. To Aid Business 2  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Money Madness by D.H.Lawrence 1. Who wrote the poem “Money Madness”? Ans. David Herbert Lawrence 2. What is our collective madness according to the poem, “Money Madness”? Ans. Money madness 3. Lawrence terms the Money Madness as… Ans. Collective madness 4. What does an individual carry with him? Ans. Own grain of insanity 5. How do people feel when they give one pound? Ans. Pang 6. How do people feel when they give ten pounds? Ans. A real tremor 7. Money makes us… Ans. Quail (fearful) 8. What kind of power money has among people? Ans. A fearful and cruel power 9. If a person doesn’t have money then he’s forced to… Ans. To eat dirt and go cold 10. What would people give if a man has no money? Ans. A little bread 11. Why do people give little bread to a person who doesn’t have money? And how? Ans. So that a person doesn't die. By insulting him. 12. A fear of no-money can put a person in the state of… Ans. Delirium 3  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani 13. Why should we have money, according to the poem? Ans. To save us from eating dirt (Insult) 14. According to D.H Lawrence, what should be given free of cost to people? Ans. Bread, Shelter and Fire 15. What must be regained about money? Ans. Sanity 16. What does Lawrence mean when he says that money has got us down? Ans. That has made us tremulous 17. What does Lawrence mean when he says that ‘they will make me eat dirt’? Ans. It means that they will humiliate him 18. Lawrence agrees that we must have a little money. Why do we need it? Ans. To save us from eating dirt (Insult) 19. Mankind’s collective……..is more terrifying than money itself. Ans. Madness 20. David Herbert Lawrence : Birth Year - 1885, Death Year-1930 21. Nationality of the poet: British 22. List of the books written by D.H.Lawrence : Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love, Lady Chatterley’s Lover 23. The Poem “Money Madness” published in : 1929 in the collection “Pansies” 24. The poem talks about… Ans. Capitalist society and materialism 25. Money manipulates human beings into committing… Ans. Acts of injustice and oppression 4  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani To Science by Edgar Allan Poe 1. Who wrote the poem “Money Madness”? Ans. Edgar Ellan Poe 2. Science is the true daughter of… Ans. Old Time 3. Who alters all things with its peering eyes? Ans. Science 4. How does the speaker describe Science's impact on the world? Ans. It alters everything with its observations 5. In the poem ‘peering eyes’ refers to… Ans. Scientific method of close analysis 6. According to the poet, what does Science alter with its "peering eyes"? Ans. The natural world 7. The word ‘vulture’ refers to… Ans. Science 8. In the poem “To Science” science is seen as ‘vulture’ because… Ans. It preys poet’s creative imagination 9. In the poem, the wings of the vulture are referred to as… Ans. Dull realities 10. What are the "dull realities" referred to in the stanza? Ans. Poetic imagination 11. As Science haunts the poet then he can’t… Ans. He can't love it and can’t consider it as wise 12. Why does the speaker question Science's worthiness of love and wisdom? 5  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Ans. Because Science takes away the beauty of the natural world 13. Where does the poet want to seek treasure? Ans. In the jewelled skies 14. What does the speaker suggest the poet should do instead of pursuing Science? Ans. Seek treasure in the skies 15. What is the central theme of Edgar Allan Poe's poem "To Science"? Ans. A critique of science 16. According to the poet, science has… Ans. Disproved Mythology 17. In the poem, the attitude of the poet to science is one of… Ans. Dislike 18. Who is mentioned as being dragged from her car by Science? Ans. Diana 19. Where is Hamadryad urged to seek shelter? Ans. In the happier star 20. Who has been driven from the wood? Ans. Hamadryad 21. Where does the Naiad come from? Ans. Flood 22. Who has been taken from the green grass? Ans. Elfin 23. What is beneath the tamarind tree? Ans. The Summer Dream 24. What has been taken from the poet in the poem “To Science”? 6  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Ans. Poet’s Dream / Imagination 25. Diana - The Goddess of hunt in Roman Mythology 26. Hamadryad - According to Greek and Roman Mythology, a nymph who lives in a tree and dies when the tree dies 27. Naiad: According to classic mythology, a water nymph said to inhabit a river, spring, or waterfall 28. Elfin: Reference to the fact that science does not support the existence of fairies elves 29. About the poem : Italian Sonnet (Petrarchan Sonnet), Block sonnet, 14 lines [ 8 (octave) + 6 (sestet)], Rhyme Scheme- ABABCDCD EFEFGG 30. Edgar Allan Poe Birth Year - 1809, Death Year-1849, leading figure in the Romantic Movement in American Literature, Inventor of detective fiction. 31. Nationality of the poet: American The Ballad of Father Gilligan by W.B.Yeats 1. Who wrote the poem “The Ballad of Father Gilligan”? Ans. William Butler Yeats 2. Who is the main character of the poem? Ans. Father Gilligan 3. What was the priest's name? Ans. Father Gilligan 4. Why was the priest weary? Ans. Because people were sick 5. Where did the priest fall asleep? Ans. Upon a chair 7  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani 6. What disturbed the priest's sleep? Ans. The arrival of a poor man 7. How did the stars appear in the sky? Ans. Slowly 8. What did God do to the world? Ans. God covered the world with shade 9. When did the moths come back? Ans. In the morning/ when the sparrow chirp 10. What did the man's wife say when the priest arrived? Ans. Father you come again 11. When did the sick man die? Ans. He died an hour ago 12. How did the priest react when he heard the news? Ans. He became sad 13. Who did the sick man see after the priest left? Ans. An angel 14. Father gilligan’s initial reaction when yet another person asks for him is Ans. Annoyance 15. What colour are the robes of the figure mentioned in the poem? Ans. Purple 16. What was the priest kneeling on at the end of the poem? Ans. On Chair 17. After his outburst he repents because… Ans. He didn’t mean to complain 8  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani 18. The widow wonders why Father Gilligan has come again because… Ans. He visited the man just last night 19. Father Gilligan is humbled by the experience because… Ans. He realises God takes care of everyone 20. What time is referred to as the "moth-hour of eve" in the poem? Ans. Early evening 21. What happened to the sick man while Father Gilligan was asleep? Ans. He died 22. What does Father Gilligan do when he hears that an angel helped him? Ans. Prays 23. What does Father Gilligan ride to visit the sick man in the poem? Ans. A horse 24. About Poet : William Butler Yeats- Birth Year : 1865, Death Year : 1928, an Irish poet, leader of the Irish National Revival in 1880s. 25. How did Father Gilligan drive his horse? Ans. With little care 26. What does the line “My body spake, not I!', suggest? Ans. He wants to help his people but he is tired 9  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Q.2 Prose: (12 Marks) Addresses at the Parliament of the World’s Religions by Swami Vivekananda Introduction: Swami Vivekananda(1863-1902) was a Hindu monk from India who went to a big meeting in Chicago in 1893 to talk about different religions. He came from a smart family and knew a lot about many things. He traveled in India and saw that many people were poor and treated unfairly. So, he decided to help them and started a group called Ramakrishna Mission. At the Chicago meeting, people from different religions talked together, and Vivekananda's speeches were very powerful. He also worked to make Hinduism strong again in India and wanted everyone to be treated equally. He wrote letters, poems, and gave talks to share his spiritual ideas with others. Swami Vivekananda represented India at a special meeting where people from different religions talked. He gave a short but important speech that introduced Hinduism to the world and talked about accepting all religions. This speech made him famous worldwide. After that, he gave many talks in the UK, USA, and Europe to share Hindu teachings and philosophy. He taught about Yoga and Vedanta, which are about being rational and understanding. He travelled for about four years, talking about different religions and bringing people together. 10  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Response to Welcome, 11 September 1893 In his speech to the people of America, Swami Vivekananda expressed his gratitude for the warm welcome and thanked them on behalf of Hindu monks and the millions of Hindus. He acknowledged speakers who praised the delegates from the East for bringing the idea of tolerance. He took pride in his religion, which teaches both tolerance and acceptance of all religions as true. He mentioned that his nation had provided refuge to persecuted people of various religions, like Jews and Zoroastrians. Vivekananda quoted a hymn, ‘As the different streams having their sources in different places all mingle their water in the sea, so, O Lord, the different paths which men take through different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or straight, all lead to Thee.” that illustrated how different paths and beliefs ultimately lead to the same divine source. He saw the convention as a proof of the teaching from the Gita that all paths eventually reach the same destination. He criticized sectarianism, bigotry, and fanaticism for causing violence and hindering progress. He believed their time was ending and hoped the convention's significance would mark the end of such negative traits, fostering unity and understanding among all people working towards a common goal. Why We Disagree, 15 September 1893 In a speech dated September 15, 1893, Swami Vivekananda shared a story to explain why people often disagree. He told of a frog that lived in a well, never having seen anything beyond it. The frog kept the well clean and grew fat. One day, a frog from the sea fell into the well. The well frog asked if the sea was as big as the well, leaping around to show the well's 11  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani size. The sea frog tried to explain that the sea was much larger, but the well frog insisted that nothing could be bigger than its well and called the sea frog a liar. Vivekananda used this story to highlight how people, like the well frog, tend to think their own limited experiences are all-encompassing. He related this to religious and cultural perspectives. He said he was a Hindu who thought the world was like his well, while Christians and Muslims saw the world in similar limited ways. He praised America's efforts to break down these barriers and hoped that, with divine help, such efforts would succeed in the future. In essence, Vivekananda used the story of the well frog to illustrate how our limited viewpoints can lead to misunderstandings and disagreements. He believed that breaking down these barriers of narrow thinking could lead to greater understanding and harmony among different cultures and religions. Address at the Final Session, 27 September 1893 Swami Vivekananda spoke about the successful World's Parliament of Religions, thanking those who made it possible. He appreciated the audience's open-mindedness and kindness towards various viewpoints. He acknowledged some disagreements, noting that they highlighted the overall harmony. He discussed the idea of religious unity, stating that it wouldn't come from one religion triumphing over others. He emphasized that hoping for the destruction of one religion in favour of another was unrealistic. He used the analogy of a seed becoming a plant, explaining that just as a seed doesn't transform into soil or water, religions shouldn't absorb each other 12  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani entirely. Instead, they should learn from each other while maintaining their individuality and growing according to their own principles. Vivekananda highlighted a key lesson from the Parliament: it showed that goodness and virtue were present in all religions, and each system produced admirable individuals. He cautioned against anyone expecting their religion to be the sole survivor, pointing out that such thinking would lead to conflict. He believed that every religion should adopt values like 'Help and not Fight,' 'Assimilation and not Destruction,' and 'Harmony and Peace and not Dissension.' In essence, he advocated for respecting diverse beliefs, learning from one another, and working towards harmony and cooperation among religions. Mother Teresa by F.G. Herod Introduction Mother Teresa was born in Macedonia but moved to India to join a group of nuns called the Sisters of Loreto. In 1950, she started her own group called "The Missionaries of Charity" to help people who had no one else to care for them. She dedicated her life to helping people in need, regardless of their nationality, religion, or background. When people asked her how much she could do for the poor and destitute, she said that even if her help was just a small drop in the ocean, it still mattered. She established more than a hundred missions around the world to assist those who were suffering. Her selfless service to humanity transcended borders and made her a global citizen. *** 13  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani A small, determined woman named Mother Teresa refused to leave a hospital until they gave a bed to a very sick woman she had found on the streets of Calcutta. Mother Teresa, known worldwide, devoted her life to helping the poorest of the poor. She rescued this woman, who was in a terrible condition, from rats and ants and made sure she got medical help. In Calcutta, many people live and die on the streets because the hospitals are overwhelmed. They endure extreme weather, hunger, and loneliness. They beg for food and sometimes steal to survive. They cook what little they have on small fires. But eventually, sickness takes over, and they die in despair. Calcutta, a city in India, has been described as a very tough place to live by famous people like Kipling and Nehru. Many refugees who escaped disasters like famine and floods have come there for safety over the years. In 1947, when India was divided, millions of Hindus came to Calcutta from Pakistan and never left. Today, there are around a million people living on the streets in the city. Mother Teresa had a more comfortable start in life. She was born in Yugoslavia in 1910 and decided to become a missionary when she was twelve, and later, at eighteen, she became a nun. She came to India and worked as a teacher in Calcutta at St. Mary's High School. Eventually, she became the school's principal. Near the beautiful gardens of the High School, there were poor neighborhoods that always concerned her. She even took her students to see them and said, "We must do something about this." Then, in September 1946, while on a train, she felt a strong calling from God to help the poor. But it's not easy for a nun to leave 14  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani her religious group. After two years, she got permission from the Pope to work independently as a nun under the Archbishop of Calcutta's guidance. Mother Teresa left her happy school and took a nursing course in Patna. With very little money and nowhere to go, she came to Calcutta. She found a room in the slums and started helping the poor. She asked for food and medicine for those in need. She began a school with just five children and very few resources. She wrote the alphabet in the mud since she had no materials. But slowly, people started helping her by giving her a table, chair, and cupboard. Many others joined her, and now there are 81 schools helping thousands of neglected children. Mother Teresa's first follower was Sister Agnes, a former student of hers. Eventually, she gathered ten former students to join her in a new group called "The Missionaries of Charity." Those who joined this group had to dedicate their entire lives to helping the needy. Mother Teresa didn't accept volunteers because they needed time off for leisure. She believed that every day was a holiday for her because she found joy in helping others. The members of her group took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, just like many other religious orders. But they added a fourth vow, which was to serve the poorest of the poor as if they were serving Christ himself in his suffering. Mother Teresa taught her sisters to see Christ in every person they helped. They had to be completely poor themselves to truly understand and serve the poor, so they gave up all their possessions. For example, one sister received a gold medal for her excellent exam results, but Mother Teresa told her to give it 15  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani away because it wasn't useful to her, and she didn't need it. This emphasized the importance of selflessness and giving everything to help those in need. The nuns working with Mother Teresa had a tough daily schedule. They woke up at 4 AM, prayed until 6:30 AM, and had their first meal. After that, they did chores like cleaning and laundry before heading out to work. The new members, called novices, came back for lunch and prayer. They also had classes to learn about the rules and scriptures, and they had tests before becoming full members. They went out to work again at 2 PM and returned by 7:30 PM, making sure to be back for evening prayers. Mother Teresa wanted her Missionaries of Charity to be more than just social workers; she wanted them to be deeply committed to their religious mission. Mother Teresa believed in a special kind of love and care for people in need. She saw Christ in the broken bodies and children of the slums, and she believed that this love was very important. While social welfare is important, she thought that Christian love was even more vital because it's about caring for the person, not just their needs. Mother Teresa thought that feeling unwanted was the worst thing anyone could go through. That's why she cared not only for those who could be cured but also for those who couldn't. She wanted to give them a home where they could be loved and cared for, even if they were dying. Her goal was to ensure they could have a dignified and loving end to their lives. Mother Teresa found an empty building near a temple in India and turned it into a place to care for sick and dying people. At first, some people in the area didn't like what she was 16  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani doing and thought she was trying to convert Hindus to Christians. They complained to the police commissioner. When the police commissioner went to see for himself, he found Mother Teresa helping a man with painful sores. The place smelled really bad, but Mother Teresa said the smell was nothing compared to the man's suffering. The commissioner told the young men who complained that he would only make Mother Teresa leave if they could convince their mothers and sisters to do the same kind of compassionate work she was doing. Mother Teresa faced persecution and threats while running her homes for the destitute. Once, a dying man with cholera was left on the street, and no one helped him except Mother Teresa. She carried him into her home, and this act stopped the trouble. She had 32 homes for the needy, and many people recovered there with good care. She also had homes for unwanted children and babies. These babies were found in terrible conditions, sometimes in trash bins or on doorsteps. They were given love and care and grew up healthy and happy in Mother Teresa's homes. No child was ever turned away. Leprosy, a feared disease in India, affected both rich and poor, and they were often abandoned by their families. If someone looked sick, the police would force them to leave their homes, and they had to find shelter in slums. Mother Teresa's organisation helped these lepers and provided them with a place to live.Mother Teresa cared for people with leprosy and started with just five patients and a specialised doctor. She eventually established 70 17  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani leprosy clinics to help those with the disease. They provided treatment and care, even for those who couldn't be cured. The Indian government recognized her work and gave her land and money to support it. She also received a car from the Pope, which she raffled off and used the money for her leprosy work. She opened a home for Bangladeshi women who had suffered during conflicts. She helped patients find work and taught them skills like weaving and making paper bags. She also supported girls in earning money by making nets, as they needed dowries for marriage. Despite criticism and accusations, Mother Teresa continued to find good homes for the children she cared for, sometimes even abroad. Her work aimed to alleviate suffering and poverty. Mother Teresa is very determined and never lets critics discourage her. She believes that her work is a service to God and doesn't see failures or setbacks as obstacles because she thinks everything happens according to God's plan. One time, a nun named Sister Agnes was worried about not having enough food to feed all the patients. Mother Teresa reassured her, saying that God will provide. However, she combines her faith with practicality and doesn't expect God to do things that can be done by the sisters themselves. For example, when she travels by plane, she takes an empty bag to collect any leftover food from the plane's steward. Mother Teresa's organization, "The Missionaries of Charity," operates without charging money for their services. They rely on donations from people who want to help. They have 18  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani many centers in India and other countries, with both sisters and brothers who take care of the needs of people, including education and support for exams. Mother Teresa worked very hard and was always willing to do the toughest tasks herself. She didn't hesitate to rescue people from dirty and dangerous situations, like wading into dirty water to help those in need. She even faced angry animals to protect the people she cared for. She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and used the prize money to expand her work. Despite her small and gentle appearance, she was a determined and courageous woman. She believed that her faith was essential to her work, and for 27 years, she and her team relied on God to provide for their needs. When you're around Mother Teresa, you can feel a special brightness, and her staff are just as cheerful and hardworking as she is. She always said, "Talk about the work, not about me. I'm not important." But it's hard to find anyone who would agree with her because she made a big difference in the world. 19  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Q.3 (A) Information Transfer (08 Marks) 1. The following diagram represents the producers involved in handling a shipment of goods between the time it arrives at the dock and the time it is cleared for the buyer. Discuss the meaning of the diagram with a classmate and then write a brief description of the process. (page no. 101) Ans: The following diagram is about the producers involved in handling a shipment of goods between the time it arrives at the dock and the time it is cleared for the buyer. After getting orders from the buyers, the sellers send the goods to the dock.After receiving the goods, the goods get inspected. After the inspection of the goods, if the contents do not match with the order, the purchase department is informed about it, and if the contents match then the quality of the goods is checked. If the quality is not good, then the goods are rejected, and if the goods pass the quality test then the warehouse is informed to pick up the goods. 2. Look at the graph below and write a short paragraph on the relation it depicts between a pickup truck’s mileage and its value. (page no. 102) Ans: The given line graph depicts the relation between a pickup truck’s mileage and its value. The truck with the highest value that is 11,00,000 has the lowest mileage of 20000 and the truck with the lowest price that is 2,60,000 has the highest mileage of 120000. The truck with 8,00,000 value has a mileage of 40000. The truck with 5,00,000 value has a mileage of 60000. The truck with 4,00,000 value has a mileage of 80000. The truck with 3,80,000 value has a mileage of 100000. The graph shows that the trucks with high values give less mileage than the trucks with low values. 20  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani 3. Look at the map of a part of a town given below. Write down directions for a person who wants to go from the Government Hospital to the airport. Note that on the way the person wants to stop for a few minutes at the NIIT and also collect his baggage from the Taj Hotel. (page no. 102) Ans: A person should go straight on Shastri Nagar Road and should take right on Kamla Nagar Road, and then turn left on Mehta Lane and he would reach NIIT. After completing his work, he would take left on Kamala Nagar Road and after moving ahead a bit he would reach Taj Hotel that is on the opposite side of the road. After collecting his baggage from the Taj Hotel, he should take left on Airport Road and go straight. 4. Here is a bar chart that depicts the population growth in India between the years 1951 and 2001. Study the bar chart and answer the following questions. (page no. 103) Was the population growth more in rural or urban areas between 1951 and 2001? Ans: The population growth was more in rural areas between 1951 and 2001. What was the total rural population in India in the year 1981? Ans: 525.4 millions By how much did the urban population in the country increase between 1961 and 1971? Ans: 31.2 millions What was the difference between India’s rural and urban populations in 2001? Ans: 458 millions 21  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Q.3 (B ) Prepare a Speech. (10 Marks) Expository Speech 1. How the generator Works: Good morning. In the next few minutes, let me tell you how generators work. A generator is essentially just an electric motor working in reverse. An electric motor consists of a tight coil of copper wire wrapped around an iron core that's free to rotate at high speed inside a powerful, permanent magnet. When you feed electricity into the copper coil, it becomes a temporary, electrically powered magnet in other words, an electromagnet-and generates a magnetic field all around it. This temporary magnetic field pushes against the magnetic field that the permanent magnet creates and forces the coil to rotate. By a bit of clever design, the coil can be made to rotate continuously in the same direction, spinning round and round and powering anything from an electric toothbrush to an electric train. So how is a generator different? Suppose you have an electric toothbrush with a rechargeable battery inside. Instead of letting the battery power the motor that pushes the brush, what if you did the opposite? What if you turned the brush back and forth repeatedly? What you'd be doing would be manually turning the electric motor's axle around. That would make the copper coil inside the motor turn around repeatedly inside its permanent magnet. If you move an electric wire inside a magnetic field, you make electricity flow through the wire-in effect, you generate electricity. So keep turning the toothbrush long enough and, in theory, you would generate enough electricity to recharge its battery. That, in effect, is how a generator works. 22  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani 2. What is CPR and how should it be performed? Ladies and gentlemen, Today, I want to shed light on a vital life-saving technique known as Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, or CPR. CPR is a procedure that can make the difference between life and death in situations of cardiac arrest. It's essential for everyone to understand what CPR is and how to perform it correctly. Cardiac arrest is a sudden loss of heart function, and it can happen to anyone, anytime. When the heart stops beating, oxygen supply to the brain and other organs is cut off, leading to irreversible damage. CPR involves a combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths that help circulate oxygenated blood to the vital organs. To perform CPR, follow these steps: Check for Responsiveness: First, ensure the victim is unresponsive. Gently tap and shout to see if they respond. Call for Help: Call an ambulance or ask someone nearby to call for emergency assistance. Begin Chest Compressions: Place the heel of one hand on the center of the victim's chest, just below the nipple line. Place your other hand on top and interlock your fingers. Position yourself directly above the victim's chest and push hard and fast at a rate of about 100-120 compressions per minute. Allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions. Give Rescue Breaths: After 30 compressions, give two rescue breaths. Tilt the victim's head back slightly, pinch their nose, and cover their mouth with yours to create an airtight seal. Give breaths until the chest rises, then repeat after every 30 compressions. 23  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Continue Cycles: Alternate between 30 compressions and two rescue breaths until professional help arrives or the victim starts showing signs of life. Remember these important tips: If you're unsure about rescue breaths, hands-only CPR (chest compressions only) is effective until medical help arrives. Don't stop CPR unless the victim shows signs of life, a trained responder takes over, or you're too exhausted to continue. If an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is available, use it as soon as possible. Proper CPR can double or even triple the chances of survival for someone experiencing cardiac arrest. Learning this technique can make you a valuable asset in an emergency situation. Stay calm, follow the steps, and remember that your actions can save a life. In conclusion, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, or CPR, is a crucial skill that everyone should know. By performing chest compressions and rescue breaths correctly, you can keep oxygenated blood flowing to the vital organs and increase the chances of survival during cardiac arrest. Learning and practising CPR is a small effort that can have an immeasurable impact on someone's life. Thank you. 24  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Argumentative Speech: 1. Draft an argumentative speech in favour of banning Smoking in public places. Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed colleagues, and fellow citizens, Today, I stand before you to advocate for a cause that concerns the health and well-being of our society – the banning of smoking in public places. The evidence supporting this measure is not only overwhelming but also morally imperative. Smoking is not just a personal choice; it's a public health issue that affects us all. Firstly, consider the undeniable health risks associated with secondhand smoke. Non-smokers inhaling this toxic cloud are exposed to the same harmful chemicals as the smokers themselves. The World Health Organization categorizes secondhand smoke as a known carcinogen, causing numerous health issues, from respiratory illnesses to heart disease, especially in children and vulnerable individuals. Furthermore, the financial burden of smoking-related healthcare cannot be ignored. As responsible citizens, we have a duty to minimize the strain on our healthcare systems. Banning smoking in public places would reduce medical costs associated with treating smoking-related illnesses, leaving more resources for other pressing health concerns. Critics may argue that such a ban infringes upon personal freedoms. However, the right to smoke does not supersede the right to breathe clean air and live free from health risks. Smokers have the liberty to make their choices, but not at the expense of the general public's well-being. 25  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani In addition, implementing a ban can help curb the influence of smoking on younger generations. By reducing their exposure to smoking in public areas, we decrease the chances of them picking up this harmful habit. This preventative measure contributes to healthier future generations and a decline in overall smoking rates. To those concerned about the hospitality industry, studies have shown that smoke-free environments attract more patrons. Families, non-smokers, and health-conscious individuals are more likely to frequent establishments that prioritize their well-being. In conclusion, the ban on smoking in public places is a logical step towards safeguarding our health, improving our quality of life, and creating a cleaner, more pleasant environment for all. Our society's well-being takes precedence over personal habits that endanger the greater good. It's time to prioritize the health of our citizens and embrace a smoke-free future. Thank you. 2. Draft a speech against the practices of ragging. Dear friends, I'm here to express my views on ragging. I believe ragging is a menace that is destroying the academic character of educational institutions. I consider ragging to be an inhumane, unnatural and abusive form of action which some senior students indulge in so as to terrify 'freshers', or newcomers, in educational institutions. 26  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani The Supreme Court of India defined ragging in its 2001 judgement as 'Any disorderly conduct whether by words spoken or written or by an act which the effect of teasing, treating or handling with rudeness any other student, indulging in rowdy or indisciplined activities which cause or is likely to cause annoyance, hardship or psychological harm or to raise fear or apprehension thereof in a fresher or a junior student or asking the students to do any act or perform something which such a student will not do in the ordinary course and which has the effect of causing or generating a sense of shame or embarrassment so as to adversely affect the physique or psyche of a fresher or a junior student.' Psychological harm', 'shame' and 'embarrassment'-ragging, by its own definition, is something that creates a hostile environment. A university is a place of learning and should not be a place where students are filled with intimidation and fear. Such emotions, as the Supreme Court of India says, will affect students 'adversely'. This so-called 'friendly interaction', as some senior students refer to it, usually crosses its limits and leads to physical aggression and sexual abuse, and sometimes, even to death. A report from 2007 by the Indian anti-ragging group, Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education (CURE), analysed 64 ragging complaints, and found that over 60% of these were related to physical ragging, and 20% were sexual in nature. The anti-ragging NGO, Society against Violence in Education (SAVE), noted seven reported ragging deaths in the year 2007 alone, and 31 reported deaths between the years 2000 and 2007. It is clear from these statistics that ragging is a very real and dangerous threat that we, members and students of an educational institution, must take seriously. We must make earnest attempts to eliminate all forms of ragging. Ragging in all its forms must be condemned as it is responsible for causing 27  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani serious psychological trauma, which may continue to take its toll through posttraumatic stress disorders, resulting in physical injury and suicide. Though the Supreme Court has passed many strictures against ragging, the issue is far from being resolved. This is because many do not perceive ragging as a crime. As ragging is a major cause of campus violence and death, I fervently appeal to all of you to help bring this dangerous phenomenon to an end. Vote of Thanks 1. A vote of thanks speech proposed at the Valedictory Day function of a college: Madam President, honourable chief guest, dignitaries on the dais, respected teachers, student representatives and friends. A wonderful programme has come to an end. Several persons have helped make this valedictory function a successful one. I would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to all of them. The principal of our college, Dr Rama Devi, has been the source of our strength. I thank her for presiding over this final event of the college calendar. On behalf of the students and staff of our college, I would like to express our gratitude to Mr Mohan Kumar for his memorable valedictory speech. Our thanks also to Malini, who went on to become Professor and gave away prizes to academic achievers. Madam, we promise to consider your suggestions for the development of our college activities. 28  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani I also thank the parents of our students who have graced this occasion with their presence. We are grateful to our respected teachers, who have guided us in many ways, and to all the student representatives, who have been active throughout the year and have worked tirelessly to make this function a success. Lastly, I thank all my friends for their full support throughout the year. I hope you have had a great evening and I wish very best in future endeavours. 2. A three-day film and theatre festival hosted by your college has come to an end. Proposed a vote of thanks. Respected faculty members, distinguished guests, fellow students, and esteemed participants, As we bring the curtains down on the enthralling three-day film and theatre festival hosted by our college, it is my privilege to extend a heartfelt vote of thanks on behalf of the organising committee and the entire college community. First and foremost, our deepest gratitude goes out to our honourable chief guest, renowned film director Mr.K.C.Shah, for gracing us with his presence and invaluable insights. Your words have inspired all of us and have added a layer of prestige to our festival. We extend our sincere appreciation to all the eminent speakers, actors, directors, and artists who shared their experiences and knowledge during the engaging panel discussions, workshops, and masterclasses. Your expertise has undoubtedly enriched the learning experience of our attendees. 29  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Our heartfelt thanks also go to the participating film and theatre groups, both from within our college and from other institutions. Your dedication to your craft and the exceptional performances you delivered truly made this festival an unforgettable experience. We extend our gratitude to our faculty members for their constant guidance and support throughout the planning and execution of the festival. Your encouragement has been instrumental in our success. The tireless efforts of our student volunteers deserve a special mention. Your commitment, enthusiasm, and hard work ensured the seamless execution of every event and activity. We are deeply appreciative of our sponsors and partners for their generous support, without which this festival would not have been possible. Your belief in our vision and your contributions have helped us create a platform for artistic exploration and exchange. Last but not least, we express our gratitude to each and every individual who attended the festival. Your presence has encouraged us to strive for excellence and has made this event a resounding success. As the curtains fall on this remarkable festival, let us carry forward the inspiration and the spirit of creativity that it has ignited within us. We look forward to more such engaging and enlightening events in the future. 30  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Thank you once again for being a part of this extraordinary journey. 3. On the occasion of your college’s Science Day, a special event was organised in which three famous professors from around the country were invited to talk to the students and teachers. You have been asked to propose a vote of thanks at the end of the event. Write a short speech thanking the invited professor and everyone involved in organising the event. Respected professors, esteemed guests, fellow students, and dear teachers, As we conclude this enriching and inspiring event on the occasion of our college's Science Day, it is my honour to stand before you to express our heartfelt gratitude. First and foremost, I extend our sincere appreciation to the three distinguished professors Dr. A.P Bose, Dr. J.D Shah and Dr. B.K Patel; who graced us with their knowledge, insights, and wisdom today. Your presentations have been nothing short of enlightening, and your passion for science has ignited a spark within each of us. We are truly honoured to have had the opportunity to learn from your expertise. I would like to extend our gratitude to our college administration for their vision and initiative in organising this remarkable event. Your commitment to fostering a spirit of scientific inquiry and learning is evident in every aspect of this gathering. 31  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Our heartfelt thanks also go to the organising committee, event coordinators, and volunteers who worked tirelessly behind the scenes to ensure the seamless execution of this event. Your dedication, meticulous planning, and attention to detail have contributed immensely to the success of today's proceedings. We are grateful to our faculty members for their guidance and encouragement, which have been instrumental in creating an environment of intellectual curiosity and academic excellence. Your support inspires us to aim higher and strive for greatness. A special mention goes to our students who participated actively, asked thought-provoking questions, and engaged in meaningful discussions with our esteemed guests. Your enthusiasm and curiosity reflect the true spirit of scientific inquiry. Lastly, but certainly not the least, I would like to express our gratitude to each and every individual present here. Your presence has added value to this event, and your active participation has made it an enriching experience for us all. As we reflect on the stimulating discussions we've had today, let us carry the knowledge and insights gained here into our studies, research, and everyday lives. We are truly privileged to be a part of a community that values science and its contributions to our world. Thank you once again for joining us on this special occasion. Let's continue to nurture our scientific spirit and work collectively towards a brighter and more innovative future. Thank you. 32  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani OR Q.3 (B) Debate. (10 Marks) Develop debate on following topics: 1. Putting wild animals in cages in zoos is cruel. Ans: Pranay (For the Motion): Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed judges, and fellow debaters, today we gather to discuss a topic of immense significance - whether putting wild animals in cages in zoos is cruel. I strongly believe that it is indeed a cruel practice that goes against the very principles of compassion and respect for living beings. Zoos claim to be educational and conservation institutions, yet the reality is that most animals suffer in captivity. They are confined to small, unnatural enclosures, often leading to physical and psychological distress. The inherent need for freedom and the ability to roam and hunt are stripped away, causing animals to exhibit abnormal behavior like pacing, self-mutilation, and even depression. Furthermore, zoos' focus on entertainment undermines their educational claims. The confinement of animals for our amusement sends a wrong message about the value of wildlife, implying that they exist for our entertainment rather than for their intrinsic worth in their natural habitats. Pihu (Against the Motion): 33  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Respected audience, judges, and my esteemed counterpart, I appreciate the concerns raised, but we must also recognize the positive aspects of zoos. Zoos play a pivotal role in educating the public about wildlife and conservation. They provide a unique opportunity for people to observe and learn about animals they might never encounter otherwise. This exposure fosters empathy and understanding towards our fellow creatures. Moreover, zoos contribute to vital conservation efforts through breeding programs and research initiatives. Many species are facing the threat of extinction in the wild due to habitat loss and poaching. Zoos serve as safe havens, protecting these endangered animals and aiding in their repopulation. It's essential to acknowledge that not all zoos are equal. Many modern zoos are transitioning towards more natural enclosures that mimic the animals' natural habitats, providing space and enrichment to minimize stress. Pranay (For the Motion): I appreciate the acknowledgement of positive intentions, but we cannot overlook the grim reality of many animals languishing in outdated enclosures. Even with efforts towards natural habitats, the limited space and lack of stimuli cannot replicate the complexities of the wild. The very essence of their lives is reduced to mere existence. We must also address the ethical aspect of depriving animals of their freedom for our entertainment and education. It's time we embrace more humane alternatives, such as 34  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani well-maintained sanctuaries and protected habitats that promote conservation and education without subjecting animals to a life of captivity. Pihu (Against the Motion): Indeed, ethical considerations are paramount. However, not all animals face miserable lives in zoos. Properly managed zoos prioritize the physical and mental well-being of their residents. They ensure veterinary care, enrichment activities, and social interaction, striving to provide a quality of life that, in some cases, might even surpass the challenges faced in the wild. In conclusion, while there are concerns to address, we must not entirely dismiss the contributions of zoos in education and conservation. Instead of a blanket condemnation, we should advocate for better regulations, higher standards of care, and more focused conservation efforts, which can lead to a future where animals can coexist with humans in a balanced and ethical manner. 2. Any method is justified if the aim is to preserve life. Bansi : "Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed judges, and fellow debaters, I stand before you to argue that any method is justified if the aim is to preserve life. Life is precious and irreplaceable, and when faced with the choice of preserving it, we must prioritize this above all else. Consider medical interventions that may involve risky procedures or experimental treatments. If a patient's life is hanging by a thread, it is our ethical duty to do whatever it takes to save 35  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani them. Sometimes, conventional methods might not be enough, and unconventional approaches might be the only option left. The principle of 'ends justify the means' applies here, as the ultimate goal is to ensure the continuation of life. Furthermore, in situations where lives are at stake, authorities and individuals might need to make tough decisions. In the case of self-defense, for instance, taking aggressive action against an assailant might be the only way to protect innocent lives. Society acknowledges this by legally permitting acts that would otherwise be considered criminal if they were aimed solely at preserving life. In times of disaster or war, governments may resort to emergency measures to ensure the survival of their citizens. While these measures might seem extreme, their aim is to safeguard lives and maintain order in times of crisis. The greater good must take precedence in such situations, even if it involves temporary sacrifices of individual rights. In conclusion, when life is on the line, any method that serves the purpose of preserving it should be considered justifiable. While ethical concerns must be taken into account, the fundamental principle remains: life must be protected at all costs." Sonia : "Ladies and gentlemen, distinguished judges, and fellow debaters, while the notion of preserving life is undoubtedly crucial, I must assert that the ends do not always justify the means. While life is precious, we must also remember the importance of ethics, human rights, and the potential consequences of our actions. 36  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani By blindly subscribing to the belief that any method is justified to preserve life, we risk compromising our values and morality. Torture, for instance, is often condemned globally because it violates human dignity and rights, even if it's performed with the intention of extracting information to save lives. Upholding certain principles, even in extreme circumstances, is essential to maintain our humanity and integrity. Additionally, some methods that aim to preserve life might lead to unintended consequences. Taking extreme measures, like forcefully quarantining individuals during a pandemic, can lead to psychological trauma, social unrest, and the erosion of civil liberties. Striking a balance between life preservation and broader ethical considerations is imperative to ensure a just and sustainable society. Furthermore, the slippery slope argument applies here. If we accept that any method is justified in the name of life preservation, where do we draw the line? This perspective opens the door to potential abuse of power, allowing governments and individuals to justify oppressive measures by claiming they are acting to save lives. In conclusion, while preserving life is of utmost importance, we must not lose sight of our ethical responsibilities and the potential consequences of our actions. The ends do not always justify the means, and it is our duty to seek morally sound alternatives that both prioritize life and uphold our values." 37  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani 3. The media is responsible for violence in society. Disha (For the Motion): Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed judges, and fellow debaters, today we stand before you to affirm that the media holds a significant responsibility for the prevalence of violence in society. The media, in its various forms, has a tremendous influence on people's thoughts, actions, and behaviours. The constant exposure to violent content on television, movies, video games, and even news outlets desensitizes individuals to violence. It normalizes aggressive behaviour and creates a culture where violence is accepted as a solution to problems. Studies have shown a strong correlation between the consumption of violent media and aggressive tendencies in children and adults alike. Furthermore, sensationalism in news reporting often focuses on violent incidents, making them seem more common than they actually are, which can escalate fear and paranoia among the public. In a society where media shapes opinions and behaviours, it is undeniable that the media plays a substantial role in perpetuating violence. Karan (Against the Motion): Respected panelists, fellow debaters, and distinguished audience members, while we acknowledge that media can have an impact on perceptions, it is an oversimplification to lay the blame solely on the media for the violence in society. Human behavior is influenced by a multitude of factors, including socioeconomic conditions, upbringing, and mental health. It is unfair to ignore the fact that real-life experiences and personal circumstances play a significant role in the choices individuals make. The media serves as a reflection of society itself, rather than a direct cause of violence. People have the capacity to differentiate between fictional portrayals of violence and real-life situations. Furthermore, censorship or control of 38  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani media content infringes upon the freedom of expression. Rather than blaming the media, we should address the root causes of violence – poverty, inequality, lack of education, and mental health issues. It is crucial to consider a holistic approach that tackles the multifaceted factors contributing to violence in our society. Disha (For the Motion): Thank you for your thoughts. While we understand that violence has complex causes, we cannot dismiss the overwhelming evidence linking media consumption to aggressive behaviour. It's true that the media reflects society, but it also has a feedback loop effect, shaping perceptions and influencing behaviour. We advocate for responsible media portrayal that acknowledges the potential consequences of perpetuating violence. We are not advocating for censorship, but for a conscientious approach to content creation that minimizes the glorification of violence. Karan (Against the Motion): We appreciate your viewpoint, and we do agree that media outlets should be responsible in their content creation. However, we must remember that individuals have agency over their actions. Banning or censoring media content does not address the underlying causes of violence. Instead, society should focus on comprehensive solutions that address economic disparities, provide mental health support, and create a safe and nurturing environment for everyone. Blaming the media shifts the focus away from these essential steps toward a safer and more peaceful society. 39  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani 4. Medical testing on animals should be banned. Mayank (For the motion): Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed judges, and fellow debaters, today I stand before you to passionately advocate for the banning of medical testing on animals. While scientific advancements have undoubtedly been made through such testing, it is imperative that we consider the ethical and moral implications that accompany these practices. First and foremost, animals possess the capacity to feel pain, fear, and distress, much like humans. Subjecting them to experiments that cause suffering is a blatant violation of their rights. Animals should not bear the burden of our scientific progress when alternative methods, such as in vitro testing and computer simulations, have proven effective. Banning animal testing will force us to explore and develop more humane alternatives, ultimately fostering innovation. Moreover, the results of animal testing do not always accurately translate to human responses. Countless instances of promising results in animals failing to translate into human benefits have been documented. This raises questions about the reliability and validity of the practice itself. By banning animal testing, we would encourage researchers to develop methods that are directly applicable to humans, thus increasing the chances of successful medical advancements. Lastly, animal testing is often a cruel and inhumane practice. The images and stories of animals enduring pain and distress for the sake of scientific knowledge should compel us to 40  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani reconsider our priorities. The ban would not only spare animals from suffering but also cultivate a more compassionate society that values all forms of life. Darshan (Against the motion): Ladies and gentlemen, respected judges, and fellow debaters, while the ethical concerns surrounding medical testing on animals are valid, it's essential to recognize the necessity of this practice for advancing medical science. Animal testing has played a crucial role in the development of life-saving treatments and medications. Countless breakthroughs, from vaccines to cancer therapies, have been made possible through these experiments. Banning animal testing would severely hinder our ability to discover potential cures and treatments for some of the most devastating diseases that afflict humanity. Furthermore, researchers take extensive precautions to ensure the ethical treatment of animals involved in testing. Stringent regulations and guidelines are in place to minimize suffering and ensure that animals are treated with care and respect. Many medical researchers and institutions have actively worked to refine testing procedures, reduce the number of animals used, and explore alternative methods while recognizing the importance of animal testing. While alternatives like computer simulations and in vitro testing have their merits, they cannot replicate the complexity of biological systems found in living organisms. Animal testing provides insights into how substances interact within a living body, which is critical for understanding potential human reactions. 41  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani In conclusion, while we acknowledge the ethical concerns surrounding animal testing, we must recognize its vital role in medical progress. By upholding strict ethical standards and continuously seeking alternatives, we can strike a balance between scientific advancement and ethical responsibility. A complete ban on animal testing would undermine our ability to make critical medical breakthroughs that benefit countless lives. Q.4 Do as directed. (Grammar) (10 Marks) Fill in the blanks in the sentences below using the appropriate form (singular or plural) of the verb given in brackets. Use the verbs in the tenses suggested. (Page no. 50-51) 1. Bose............ (speak: simple present) Kannada fluently. Ans. speaks 2. I …….(work: simple present) for an NGO in Gwalior. Ans. work 3. There ……(be: simple past) three crows on the tree branch. Ans. were 4. The boys …….(play: past progressive) table tennis. Ans. were playing 5. Rehman…….(clear: present perfect) the table. Ans. has cleared 6. The planes...........(approach: present progressive) the airport. Ans. are approaching 7. You…… (stay: past progressive) alone in that huge house. 42  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Ans. were staying 8. Naseema and her sister............ (go: simple past) for a walk in the park. Ans. went 9. They…….(paint: simple present) very well. Ans. paint 10. Reena…… (want: simple present) to go to Singapore for her holiday, but her friends.......(prefer: simple present) to go to Malaysia. Ans. wants, prefer 11. Ahmed and Rafi............ (be: simple past) on their way to school. They.....(run: past progressive) to catch the bus as they.... (be: simple past) late. Ans. were, were running, were 12. Mr Rawat…... (move: present progressive) into his new house next week..... (invite: present perfect) all his friends to a house-warming party and we.....( accept: present perfect) his invitation. Ans. is moving, has invited, have accepted Fill in the blanks in the sentences below using the appropriate form (singular or plural) of the verb given in brackets. Use the verbs in the tenses suggested. (Page no. 53-54) 1. The young children in this school…..(have: simple present) yoga classes twice a week Ans. have 2. Both the roti and the dal....... (be: simple past) fresh and tasty. Ans. were 3. The roti and dal which the restaurant serves……(be: simple present) fresh and tasty. 43  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Ans. is 4. Rs 10,000 a month….... (be: simple present) a good salary for a beginner. Ans. is 5. Neither Murali nor Tara........(know: simple present) the answer to this question. Ans. knows 6. Either the boys or their parents...... (collect: present perfect) the report cards. Ans. have collected 7. The furniture in these rooms …..(be: simple present) very expensive. Ans. is 8. Each chapter in these books…... (need: simple present) to be read carefully. Ans. needs 9. Everyone…..(look at: present progressive) the beautiful paintings on the walls. Ans. is looking 10. The information you gave me…. (happen: simple present) to be incorrect. Ans. happens 11. The jury….. (look: past progressive) at one another with puzzled expressions on their faces Ans. was looking 12. The luggage….. (fall: present progressive) off the rack. Ans. is falling 13. Physics…… (be: simple present) my favourite subject. 44  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Ans. is 14. Either you or your sisters….. (use: present perfect) these brushes. Ans. have used 15. The public….. (has: simple present) a right to know the facts of the case. Ans. has Degree of Comparison Regular Degrees of Comparison Positive Comparative Superlative Tall Taller The tallest Young Younger The Youngest Great Greater The Greatest Poor Poorer The Poorest Strange Stranger The Strangest Fine Finer The Finest Slow Slower The Slowest Soon Sooner The Soonest 45  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani Irregular Degrees of Comparison Positive Comparative Superlative Distinguished More Distinguished The most distinguished Satisfied More satisfied The most satisfied Good Better The best Leisurely More leisurely The most leisurely Gracious More Gracious The Most Gracious Dependent More dependent The Most dependent Far Farther/Further The Farthest/ Furthest Write the comparative and superlative degrees of the following words and use each degree in sentences. 1. Clearly : P.D: She explained her ideas clearly. C.D: He explained the concept more clearly than the previous speaker. S.D: Out of all the speakers, she presented her research findings most clearly. 46  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani 2. Heavy : P.D: The suitcase is heavy. C.D: The bag is heavier than the box. S.D: That rock is the heaviest of them all. 3. Elderly : P.D: The elderly man enjoys taking long walks in the park every morning. C.D: She is more elderly than her sister, but they both have an active lifestyle. S.D: Among all the residents at the nursing home, Mr. Johnson is most elderly, yet he remains cheerful and engaged. 4. Low : P.D: The bridge had a low clearance, making it difficult for tall vehicles to pass through. C.D: The second shelf is lower than the first one, making it easier to reach items. S.D: Among all the mountain peaks, Everest is the highest, while the Dead Sea has the lowest point on Earth's surface. 5. Little : P.D: She has a little knowledge about gardening. C.D: She has less knowledge about gardening than her friend. S.D: Among all the participants, she has the least knowledge about gardening. 47  Language Through Literature (LTL) T.Y B.com Sem-5 Notes by: Umang Patel Daya Vaghani 6. Many : P.D: There are many students in the auditorium. C.D: There are more students in this classroom than in the previous one. S.D: The largest library on campus has the most books. 7. Stingy : P.D: He is somewhat stingy when it comes to sharing his belongings. C.D: Compared to his brother, he has become even stingier with his money. S.D: Among all my friends, John is the stingiest when it comes to treating us to dinner. 8. Few : P.D: There are a few apples left in the basket. C.D: There are fewer people in the park today compared to yesterday. S.D: Among all the options, this restaurant has the fewest vegetarian dishes on the menu 48