Pathology Notes: Tuberculosis, RVF, Lumpy Jaw, Actinobacillus PDF

# Pathology - L.5 - T.B - actinomycosis - actinobacillosis - blue tongue - Ruf - Poxvirus - lumpy jaw - written by: HITLER # Tuberculosis (TB) - It is one of the diseases that are transmitted from animals and some are transmitted to humans. - Also, it has some distinct symptoms such as lobules is...

# Pathology - L.5 - T.B - actinomycosis - actinobacillosis - blue tongue - Ruf - Poxvirus - lumpy jaw - written by: HITLER # Tuberculosis (TB) - It is one of the diseases that are transmitted from animals and some are transmitted to humans. - Also, it has some distinct symptoms such as lobules is granuloma in lungs. - Internal organs are infected by bacteria. - Bacteria that infect organs are difficult to be broken down, except by an ultra-violet. - It’s mainly caused by direct contact. ## Transmission: - Direct Contact - The bacteria is not found in the environment, because it is easily destroyed by: - the sun's rays - ultra-violet ## Route of Transmission: - **Ingestion:** Through meat or milk that is infected by the ingeshon through the animal that has TB. Bacteria are in the milk, so it must be boiled for about an hour. The bacteria would be in the foam layer, which has a lower temperature, thus the temperature must be raised to break it down well. - **Inhalation:** Bygeresoles from infected animal or person to another - **Skin:** - The skin acts naturally as a barrier to any infection, but if a would occurs, TB can enter. T.B Bacellia can carry the action. ## Causes of TB: - Mycobacterium tubercubsis (m.tuberculosis). - Chronic granulomatus disease; This disease appears gradually over time. As we mentioned before, it is caused by a granuloma and organs are full of padules Jigill. ## TB bacteria (AT) - It was highly resistant to disinfectantiu, hence ultra-violet was used to kill bacteria. - It was highly resistant to disinfectantiu. - Covered by lipid Capsule; This is what makes the T.B strong. - Body is two Part Cho & Protein. - Cho Hasporiana; Neutrophilis & Poly morphic Nattract. - Protein; Has a lipid that attracts lymphocyte. - Macrophage, attracts and produces protein. - When bacilli enters the body, it attracts cells, and the first cell is neutrophils, which disappears after the first hour. - Machrophage emerges during the first week to engulf bacilli. - **Bacilli + Madirophage + Machrophage** = The bacilli ratio in the first week is the highest. - Lymphocyte emerges to produce lympho kines. - **Inhipi** (inhibitory migratory Ractor) prevents the movement of macrophage inside it. - It inhibits the movement to anywhere to avoid dessiemnation. - All infected macrophages clump together. - The arrangement is something similar to the amangement of epitheloid cell. - One of them remains with Rendens. This is called a langerhans cel can langerhans. - Ribroblast starts creating the Collagen fibers around these cells, which forms the granuloma. - The granuloma consists of the langerhans cat bacilli + T-lymphocyte + Pibroblast + epitheloid of machrophage + Pibious JI tissue ## Caseous Necrosis: - The Center of the granuloma. - It occurs when bacteria enters the place and starts causing Necrosis. Moreover, lymphate is also involved in the process, as it secretes Cytotoxic factor, and it is directly proportional to the quantity of Caseous. - Granuloma is divided into two actions: - **Proliferative action:** It is characterized by the presence of new cells spreading in the place. - **exudative action:** It is characterized by the secretion of fluid in a large amount. - It is located around the lung, hence it causes Pleurisy. ## Classification of infection: - **Primary infection:** It happens when Bacilli enters the body for the first time. - **Secondary infection:** It takes the infection one time but has no effect. Then it takes the infection the second time. - Exogenous: when Bacilli enters for the first time. - Endogenous: when the immune system is strong, Bacilli is resisted. - Dorment: Bacilli is dormant, does not appear unless the immunity is weak. ## Primary infection: - It occurs for the first time. - **In young:** The disease is mild to moderate. - The number of T. Celu + Bacilli is small. - The amount of Caseuation is small. - **In adult:** - The disease is **severe** due to the longer time of exposure to the infection. - The number of T. Celu + Bacilli is larger. - The amount of Caseuation is large. - **Migration to organ**: - **In young**: It is localized to the lymph node. - **In adult**: It is present. - **Infection in lymph Vessels**: - It is a localized infection in lymph Vessels. - It occurs in lymph nodes. - It is the most common form in adults as they have been exposed to TB before and as a result, the number of lymphocytes is larger. - **Lymphatic system**: - Machrophage is present in the lymphatic system and causes: - Lymphangitis. - Lymphadentis. - It also causes infection in lymph nodes and lymph Vessels. - **TB complex** occurs in organs and also in lymph node. ## Secondary infection: - Occurs in organs that have been exposed to T.B before plus lymph nodes of the organ. - The main lymph node that gets infected is the organ's lymph node. ## T.B in Pections in different organs & lesions: ### 1. Lung - **Ghon's disease:** - It is a granuloma that occurs under the pleura. - It's found in both animals and humans. - It's usually found in the lower part of the lobe, and apical part. - It's also found in Lower Partil is or apical Part( well air. - It's characterized by a multinucleated Epithelipid giant cell with Mycobacterium tubercubsis in the center with caseous necrosis. - One of them remains with Rendens. This is called a langerhans cel can langerhans. - Ribroblast starts creating the Collagen fibers around these cells, which forms the granuloma. - **Prognosis:** - **Bad prognosis:** It can lead to dissemination. - **Good prognosis:** It can leads to localization in the lung. When the prognosis is good, the lesions are localized in the lung, which means that all of the lung's lobes are full of granuloma. - **Spread:** - **Local spread:** it is present in the lungs, in the lobules, and it causes lobar pneumonia. - **Spread through lymphatic system:** it is present in the lymphatics of the lungs. - **Spread through the hematogenous route:** T.B lobar Bronchopneumonia - **T.B lobar Bronchopneumonia:** causes lobar pneumonia. ## T.B Pleurisy: - **micro AstAbdal spread** - It enters the organ through the lymphatic system. - It is then found on that same organ. - **T.B Spread:** - **Local spread:** - Jobar tuberculosis - **Hemmatogenus spread:** it's found in the lymphatic system, the organs are infected and the amount of Bacilli in the body is large. - **Lymphatic Spread:** it's found in the lymphatic system, that enters the organ through the lymphatic system, and a large number of Bacilli accumulate and reach the organ and cause infection. - **tuber autous bronchopneumonia** causes bacilli accumulation in the organ. - **lobar pneumonia, tuberculosis. ,** which cause spleen lymphangitis. - **Spelen lymphangitis:** It is then transferred from place to place and is dissolved when it is inside Machiophage. ## **T.B spread: ** - **exudative form:** - It is found in pleura. - It contains moderate amounts of lymphadenitis and causes **solitary infection** on different organs. - **high amount:** - It is present in the blood that causes death and is present in different organs. - It is accompanied by a high amount of **nodules** and causes **Miliary T.B**. - **Miliary T.B**: It occurs when the infection is transferred to the blood stream, and it’s accompanied by symptoms in different organs. ## Cavitary tuberculosis: - It occurs when the lung infection forms a cavity from nodules. - The Center is filled with Caseous and then becomes irregular and then becomes founded because of the Pibrous that causes the formation of a Cavity. - Blood vessles and Bacilli enter the bronchioles to create new muscles. - The lung infection spreads to blod veste, which are created by the bronchioles and through the bronchi. ## T.B in Pections in different organs & lesions ### Closed T.B - It has **no fibrosis**, hence it causes disease spread. ### Open T.B - It has **fibrosis**, hence it is confined to the lung and causes no disease spreading. ### 2. T.B in Liver - It is found in nodules inside the liver cells or on the liver surface in the Capsule. ### 3. T.B in Kidney - Same as the liver. ### 4. Intestine TB: - Due to the weakness of the intestine wall, T.B nodules are present in the wall and start to cause ulcceration. - The nodules are accompanied by ulcceration, alceration, Wall Perforation. - The natural area that gets infected in this organ is Payer's Patch. - We can hear the granting sound in the Slaughter because of the Caseous. ## Actinomycosis: - It’s a chronic bacterial infection that’s caused by actinomyces bovis. - It creates granules because it’s a suppurative. Suppurative means that it forms pus. - It is associated with suppurative osteomyelitis. - It mainly affects bones but can also affect wounds. ## Route of infection: - Ingestion. - Inhalation. - Wounds. ## Pathogenesis of actnomyces bavis: - It mainly affects face cells and bone. - It mainly affects bones and wounds in humans. - It does not enter wounds, but rather enters bone. It forms a colony in the center. - The colony forms a central yellow area that is sulfur-like, with pus around it. - This can cause an abscess. - Granules: The bacteria proliferate and pus is released, which is mostly formed from destructed tissue, dead neutrophils and Colonies. - The granules expand and become larger. They are surrounded by tissue, which is made of fibro-tissue and neutrophils. The neutrophil’s color is pale as it’s surrounded by Colonies. - After some time, the skin that surrounds the bone is destroyed. - This pus is the outcome and it comes out at the wound. - The outcome is direct contact or Granulation tissue. ## Actinobacillosis - It’s caused by bacterias that are called actinobacillus lignieresii. - It’s present inside the umbilical cord and then it causes abcess. - It can cause death or it can spread to different organs and cause Septicemia, including: - pools - death ## Pools - They’re present in new-born cattel mainly because the umbilical cord contains blood. - It enters the hard object slowly, which causes a wound in the buccal or oral cavity, where bacteria enters the wound. - If it is present in the soft tissue or lung, it can cause abscess with pus surrounding in colonies that carry bacteria and then pibrous tissue is formed with neutrophils. The difference here is that the shape of the abscess is a little round and the color is a little more normal, and the quantity of the pibrous tissue is less than the actinomycosis. - One hard thing that it causes: wooden tongue (actinobacitus). The tongue becomes hard. ## Clinical Sings - Animal refuses food. - No regurgitation of food. - Loss of body weight. # Rift Valley Fever (RVP) - It belongs to a group of viruses called **Phlebovirus** which are part of the **Bunyaviridae** Family. - It is transmitted through **infected animals** to **humans** by **direct contact**. - It’s mainly transmitted through **mosquitoes** and may be transmitted by **inhalation**, through contaminated **blood** and **fluids**. - It’s found in the **sheep** and **cattle**, including **anophde**. - It’s **mosquito borne**. This means that it is spread through mosquitos. - The **main route** of transmission is through anophde mosquitos, and the **minor route** is through secretions. - Anophde mosquitos inject the **virus** into the **blood** and then it moves to the **liver** and causes **tropism**. - **Pathogenesis** - It causes liver tropism, meaning that the **virus** infects the liver and then it causes **focal coagulative necrosis**. - The virus causes **Icterus** (jaunice) which is known as *yellow color* in the animal, and it leads to **hemorrhagic poeci** in sheeps. *hemorrhagic poeci* means that the animal has **bloody diarrhea**. - It causes **stormy abortion in sheep**. - It causes **hemorrhagic poeci** in **lamb** and **calves**. - It causes **hemorrhagic poeci**, **intestine** and **hemorragic diarrhea**. - The **main focus** in RVP is: - Hepatic Trapism - Focal necrosis in the liver. - Stormy-abortion in sheeps. ## Blue Tongue Disease: - The disease was named after its symptoms, as it causes **anosis** in the **mouth** and the **lips** and **tongue** of the infected animal, mainly **sheep** and **cattle**. - It’s caused by **Blue Tongue Virus** which is part of the **Reoviridae**. - It is transmitted through **arthropods**. - **Soun** and **muzzle** become swollen. - It’s a **notifeable** disease, being one of the most dangerous diseases. ## Pathogenesis: - The virus enters the blood capillary, affecting the endothelium and causing destruction. This causes the formation of pores. - This leads to increased permeability and edema. - The **edema** is caused by the increase of **leuchgter inte eckon** in the blood. - The **RBCs** leave the blood, causing an increase of plasma and protein. - That causes the blood to turn into a blue color, which is how the disease got its name. - The **Sour muzzle**. ## Clinical sings: - Procy salivation - Fever: it appears the **third day** of infection. - Liver: it becomes inflamed. - Nasal discharge: when secondary bacterial infection occurs, it turns into mucopulerent discharge. - **Coronitid** - Lameness, recumbancy - Dbstruction - Blue tongue edema: it is the most important clinical sings of this diseases. ## Poxvirus - It is spread amongst different species, including Cows, Sheeps and Humans, and it is highly contagious. - It’s epitheliotropic, meaning that it targets the epithelium and causes lesions associated with it. - If the infection is systematic, it spreads to other organs, but it returns to the epithelium of the skin. ## Pathogenesis: - It causes typical forms which consists of four stages: - Erythema: also called erythematous Vaculesured spot - Papules - Vesicles: which contain fluid, which is called Cellwalled fluid filled area. - Pastules: which contain pus due to secondary bacterial infection. - Pus: It is white in color. The pus ruptures. - Ulceration - Healing with Scar formation - The Pastules have a depressed center, hence they're called Pock shapes. - The Skin becomes raised above the level of the normal skin by the pustules.