Introduction to Anatomy PDF

By Dr. Safa Ahmed Rheumatologist Anatomy  Is the study of the structure of the body including systems, organs and tissues.  It includes : 1. The appearance of various parts. 2. The materials from which they are composed. 3. Their locations. 4. Their relationships with other parts.  It...

By Dr. Safa Ahmed Rheumatologist Anatomy  Is the study of the structure of the body including systems, organs and tissues.  It includes : 1. The appearance of various parts. 2. The materials from which they are composed. 3. Their locations. 4. Their relationships with other parts.  It can be divided into: 1. Gross anatomy: study of structures that can be seen macroscopically without the use of a microscope 2. Microscopic anatomy (histology): study of cells and tissues using a microscope. The Reference Anatomical Position For descriptive purposes, the human body is regarded as:  Standing with the mouth closed  The eyes looking forward  The arms are by the sides  The palms of the hands and the toes are directed forward  when the person is lying on the abdomen, face down.  when the person is lying on the back with the face up.  when the person is lying on the side ( right or left). Anatomical Regions For descriptive purposes, the surface of the body is divided into regions:  Head and neck  Thorax  Abdomen  Upper extremity  Lower extremity Anatomical regions Anatomical terms  Terms used to describe the position of a structure in relation to other structures.  Cranial: towards the head.  Caudal: towards the feet.  Medial: refers to what is close to the midline of the body.  Lateral: refers to what is far from the midline of the body.  Superior: refers to what is above something.  Inferior: refers to what is below something.  Proximal: refers to what is close to the trunk or to the point of origin.  Distal: refers to what is far from the trunk or the point of origin.  Anterior: refers to what is in front of something.  Posterior: refers to what is behind something.  Palmar: anterior surface of the hand (palm of the hand).  Dorsum of hand: posterior surface of hand.  Plantar: inferior surface of the foot (sole of foot).  Dorsum of foot: superior surface of foot.  Superficial: near the surface of the body.  Deep: away from the surface of the body. Anatomical Planes  Sagittal plane: any vertical plane that divides the body into right and left.  Coronal plane (frontal): any vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior.  Transverse plane (axial): any horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior. Anatomical planes 