Trade and Exchange PDF

**Unit 3: Trade and exchange promote cooperation or lead to exploitation** **Definition of Trade: '***The action of buying and selling goods and services'* Throughout history, many different types of goods and services were exchanged: **Spice Trade** *Context* - - - - *Cultural exch...

**Unit 3: Trade and exchange promote cooperation or lead to exploitation** **Definition of Trade: '***The action of buying and selling goods and services'* Throughout history, many different types of goods and services were exchanged: **Spice Trade** *Context* - - - - *Cultural exchanges due to trade* Religion - - - Language - - Food & Ideas - - - **Columbus and his accident** Some traders stumbled upon spice routes by accident such as Christopher Columbus once he discovered the americas in the attempt to find a new route to India. He brought back chillies from the Americas. - - - - Spices were extremely expensive at first, but as time passed and more people got involved in the spice trade, their value to a significant dip. At first, they were a luxury; now, they're an every day item. Asia is the largest producer spice, but other regions such as Brazil compete in the market with spices like pepper - - **The Silk Trade:** *Silk road:* Route that connect Asia to Europe which was 6400km long and was named after the protifable trade of silk Many different types of individuals travelled along the silk road like pilgrims, missionairies, soldiers, adventureres, merchants, etc. The Chinese extened the Great Wall of China to protect the Silk road **Dangers of the silk road:** - - - **Main traders:** - Middle ages: Arabs also added What was spread along the silk road other than silk: - - - - Relgion Buddhism intially was the dominant religion on the silk road because of its monasteries and places of sanctuary. But later on, Islam became the dominant religion of the silk road. Disease: The black death a.k.a the bubonic plague was accelerated due to the silk route. - - **Opium Trade:** *Opium:* A drug that is used for medical and recreational purposes Its an extremly addictive drug that has very negative effects on those who use it Bans were made on Opium acroos Europe and Asia Context: The Chinese believe that they were superior than the rest of the world - - - - Tibet and Vietnam were Tributiary states of China at the time Achievements of the Chinese: - - - - - - Had crossbows one thousand year before the Europeans Poltical affairs of China: China had been ruled by many dynasties Mandate of heaven was given to the emperor who ruled China - - The Qing dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China from the 1640s - - - - - The Qing dynasty's attitude ot the west: - - *Reputation of the Europeans:* - - - *Expulsion of Europeans from China* - - - - - Note: Britain did not like these laws of China Silver was dangerous to carry on ships going from asia to europe because they become targets for pirates Long term cause of the Opium war of 1839 *Cultural and diplomatic differences:* - - - - Economic differences & attitude towards trade - - King George III sent instructions to China to discuss the trade affairs and relations; He was sent an imperial respons in which he was ridiculed by the imperial government and was humiliated. Second mission was sent with Lord Amherest who refused to do a Kowtow which is a prostration and a bow to the empereror done in China which 'confirmed' the Chinese views of Europeans as barbarians. **Short Term causes of the War:** *Dispute over opium trade:* - - - Opium dens in europe = ban of opium The East India company planted opium poppies in India The Chinese became addicts and would even sell their children to buy opium There was an imbalance of trade were more opium was coming in than tea and silk being exported out - - Other countries like Portugal, USA, and France got involved in this trade because it was so lucrative. **Lin Zexu:** Commisioner Lin Zexu was sent by the emperor to Guangzhou to destroy the trade of opium He smashed many chests fo the merchants who had opium and The Superintendent trade of China, Captain Charles Elliot promised compensation for the merchants - **Immediate cause of War:** - - - The British sent warships to protect their interests and destroyed a lot of Chinese inferior ships causing a lot of loss of life Guangzhou was bombarded causing even more loss of life **End of the First opium war:** Continued from 1839-1842 - - The Chinese could only enforce harsh laws on those who used opium such as beheading and no civil service for 3 generations. **Second Opium War: 1856** A ship called the Arrow boarded well known pirates and was flying the British flag - - The crew was returned, but now apology was given Chinese gangs set fires to British homes and buildings - It ended in 1858 with the treaty of Tientsin In 1860, French and British troops burnt and looted the Summer palace which force the Chinese into exile as a response to the death of members of a negotiating team. China had been utterly defeated and demoralized Final humiliation came once China was defeated by the small and puny Japan. **Effect on China due to the Opium Wars:** Unequal treties gave foreign powers: - - - Taiping Rebellion: 1856-1864 Led by a young christian convert who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus and God had ordered them to rebel against the Qing government - An estimated [20 million people] die in the rebellion - Self Strengthening: Mordernizing within China was known as self strengthening Borrowed Western style of education, technology, communications systems, transport, etc intially. Failure of Self strengthening was demonstrated in 1895 after the defeat from Japan **Why did Self-Strengthening fail:** - - - - **Christian Missionairies:** The main goal of the Christian missionairies was to bring aid to China Christians were viewed with suspicion Many would bring unwanted children to christian missionairies that were kidnapped to make a quick buck out of em The Christiand dressed like the locals sometimes to get along but this offended them Relgious ceremonies were caused conducted by the missionaries were alleged practices such as cannibilism, drinking blood and eating the body of their god. Converts were said to only pretend to get rice The Chinese said: - - - Suspision led to attacks on Christians such as a Nun masscre in 1870. **Slave Trade:** Began in the 1400s, it led to the depopulation and economic underdevlopment of the Africans Approximately 11 million slaves died during the slave trade and a tenth of those died on the slave ships whose conditions were appaling and unforgiveing. Attempts were made to fight back by the slaves, but they were brutally suppressed. 1 in 5 ships had a rebellion. Raw materials from the African continent were also exploited Cotton and sugar plantations were a hot spot for slaves because they demanded a lot of hard labor **Effects of Slave trade:** - - Britain: In 1833, Slavery was abolished - - - **Why Did Slave trade continue in the USA till 1865:** Once the American declaration of independence was passed in 1776 Many plantations that required hard labor existed in the souther states of the United States. Thus slavery was required to keep the American economy afloat. In 1808 slave import and export was banned but internal slave trade was not Safe houses were devlopped in which slaves could get routes to escape to Canada Southern plantation owners did not want slavery to be abolished - - Slavery ended throughout the southern states - -