Cardiovascular System Summary PDF
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Summary
This document summarizes the cardiovascular system, covering topics such as heart circuits, blood vessels, blood composition, and hematology. It defines key terms and provides a basic outline of the system's components and functions. The document likely serves as study material for a biology course.
Full Transcript
Cardiovascular System: - **Heart Circuits**: - **Pulmonary Circuit**: Right heart; deoxygenated blood → lungs for oxygenation. - **Systemic Circuit**: Left heart; oxygenated blood → all body organs. - **Heart Location**: Mediastinum, apex above diaphragm, enclosed...
Cardiovascular System: - **Heart Circuits**: - **Pulmonary Circuit**: Right heart; deoxygenated blood → lungs for oxygenation. - **Systemic Circuit**: Left heart; oxygenated blood → all body organs. - **Heart Location**: Mediastinum, apex above diaphragm, enclosed by **Pericardium**. - **Heart Wall Layers**: - **Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)**: Outermost. - **Myocardium**: Cardiac muscle; main functional layer. - **Endocardium**: Lines chambers, valve surfaces. Cardiac Cycle: - **Phases**: - **Systole**: Heart contraction, blood ejection. - **Diastole**: Heart relaxation, chamber filling. - **Heart Sounds**: - \"Lubb\": AV valves closure. - \"Dupp\": Semilunar valves closure. Blood Vessels: - **Types**: - **Arteries**: High-pressure blood flow away from the heart. - **Capillaries**: Exchange vessels. - **Veins**: Return blood to the heart. - **Vessel Layers**: - **Tunica Intima**: Inner. - **Tunica Media**: Muscle and elastic fibers. - **Tunica Adventitia**: Outer connective tissue. Blood Composition: - **Components**: - **Plasma**: 55%, contains water, solutes. - **Formed Elements**: 45%, includes RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. Hematology: - **RBCs (Erythrocytes)**: Oxygen transport, 120-day lifespan. - **WBCs (Leukocytes)**: - **Granular**: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. - **Agranular**: Lymphocytes, monocytes. - **Platelets**: Blood clotting. Clotting Mechanisms: 1. **Vascular Spasm**: Temporary vessel constriction. 2. **Platelet Plug Formation**: Platelets adhere to vessel damage. 3. **Coagulation**: Prothrombin activator → thrombin → fibrin. Blood Groups: - **ABO System**: - Blood types A, B, AB, O determined by antigens (agglutinogens). - Agglutinins: Antibodies that react with antigens. - **Rhesus (Rh) System**: Rh+ vs. Rh−, important in pregnancy. Lymphatic System: - Functions: Fluid drainage, fat transport, lymphocyte production. - Components: Lymph vessels, nodes, ducts (thoracic, right lymphatic). Key Terms: - **Pulmonary/Systemic Circuits** - **Pericardium**, **Myocardium** - **Systole**, **Diastole** - **Tunica Intima/Media/Adventitia** - **RBCs**, **WBCs**, **Platelets** - **Coagulation**, **Fibrin** - **ABO/Rh Blood Groups** - **Lymphatics**, **Haemostasis**
