Nutritional Assessment Methods PDF

Nutritional Assessment Methods - Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis (Part 1) By Yang Wai Yew Department of Nutrition and Dietetics International Medical University Email : waiyew_yang@i...

Nutritional Assessment Methods - Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis (Part 1) By Yang Wai Yew Department of Nutrition and Dietetics International Medical University Email : [email protected] DID : 2731 7579, ext 1235  LESSON OUTCOMES At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Describe population profiles in terms of demography 2. Explain indirect indicators of nutritional status based vital statistics 3. Explain techniques to calculate incidence, prevalence and burden of disease (mortality and morbidity) 4. Differentiate the use of quantitative versus qualitative methods 5. Describe qualitative methods in nutrition status assessment 6. Explain the use of focus group discussion (FGD) in nutrition surveys Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis  DEMOGRAPHY Shortened term for “population characteristics” One of the branch in sociology that study the characteristics of human populations Factors that lead to population change: Population size Growth and age structure Other forces (e.g. fertility, mortality, migration, marriage and social mobility Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis Question: What is the demography of DN123?  SCOPE OF DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 1. Population Characteristics Size, density Composition By age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, education, occupation Geographic distribution Population growth Annual growth rate Urbanization % urban population Urban-rural population ration Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis Population Characteristics in Malaysia  Malaysia Population Pyramid 1990 - 2020 Age & sex distribution for 1990 Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis (www.nationmaster.com/country/my/Age_distribution)  Malaysia Population Pyramid 1990 - 2020 Age & sex distribution for 2000 Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis (www.nationmaster.com/country/my/Age_distribution)  Malaysia Population Pyramid 1990 - 2020 Age & sex distribution for 2010 Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis (www.nationmaster.com/country/my/Age_distribution)  Malaysia Population Pyramid 1990 - 2020 Age & sex distribution for 2020 & 2050 Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis (www.nationmaster.com/country/my/Age_distribution)  Malaysia Population Graph 1950 - 2050 Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis  SCOPE OF DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 2. Factors leading to changes in population characteristics Fertility Total fertility rate Age at first marriage Proportion ever married Mortality Life expectancy at birth Crude death rate Maternal mortality ratio Perinatal, infant, toddler, under-five mortality rates Migration Internal migration International migration Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis  SCOPE OF DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 3. Socio-economic Consequences Of Changes Effects of changes in population size, growth rate, age structures depends on: Economic development e.g. food production & consumption Health outcomes e.g. due to urbanization Mobility and disease e.g. a highly mobile world & pathways of infections Nutrition and demographic change e.g. good nutrition reduces maternal, neonatal and child mortality Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis Malaysia Population 2022 POP QUIZ KNOWLEDGE CHECK # 1  LESSON OUTCOMES At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Describe population profiles in terms of demography 2. Explain indirect indicators of nutritional status based vital statistics 3. Explain techniques to calculate incidence, prevalence and burden of disease (mortality and morbidity) 4. Differentiate the use of quantitative versus qualitative methods 5. Describe qualitative methods in nutrition status assessment 6. Explain the use of focus group discussion (FGD) in nutrition surveys Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis  NUTRITION ASSESSMENT METHODS Direct Methods Indirect Methods Deal with the individual and measure Use community health indices that objective criteria reflects nutritional influences Summarized as ABCD: 3 categories: Anthropometric methods Ecological variables including crop Biochemical, laboratory methods production Clinical methods Economic factors e.g. per capita income, Dietary evaluation methods population density & social habits Vital health statistics particularly infant & under 5 mortality & fertility index Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis  Vital Statistics Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis  1) Dependency Ratio A measure of the proportion of a population, composed of dependents (people who are too young or too old to work) 1.1 Dependency Ratio = equal to number of individuals aged below 15, above 64 divided by those aged 15 to 64, expressed as percentage = (Total aged 0-14 yrs + Total aged ≥ 65 yrs)/ Total number aged 15-64yrs X 100% A rising dependency ratio is a concern in many countries that are facing an ageing population, since pension and social security systems will increase and become a financial burden for the country. Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis  1) Dependency Ratio 1.2 Child dependency ratio (Young-Age Index) = (Total aged 0-14 yrs) / Total number aged 15-64 yrs 1.3 Aged dependency ratio (Old-Age Index) = (Total aged ≥ 65 yrs) / Total number aged 15-64 yrs Basic Techniques for Demographic Analysis and Sociologic Analysis  2) Fertility Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR) are statistical values that can be utilized to measure the growth or decline of a population. CBR is a common measure of fertility (but total fertility rate is a better measure for fertility) CBR is the number of children born alive (live births) each year per 1,000 population The CBR is called "crude" because it does not take into account age or sex differences among the population CBR of >30 per 1000: high, CBR of