Plant Reproduction PDF

Plant Reproduction  Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind 1. Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation 2. Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next 3. Variation is demonstrated by the...

Plant Reproduction  Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind 1. Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation 2. Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next 3. Variation is demonstrated by the differences in appearanc e that offspring show from parents and siblings Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction is natural “cloning.” Parts of the plant, such as leaves or stems, produce roots and become an independent plant. Vegetative –stem, rhizomes, stolons separated from mother plant and grow at they own. Apomixis- unfertilized gametes (pollen or ovules) develop into genetically identical spores or seeds. Example of Asexual Reproduction Grafting PLANT TISSUE CULTURE Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues, or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. It is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation. Different techniques in plant tissue culture may offer certain advantages over traditional methods of propagation Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction requires fusion of male cells in the pollen grain with female cells in the ovule. List some advantages and drawbacks to sexual reproduction-homework  Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles A life cycle is the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism  Terms to know: Haploid: having a single set of chromosomes in each cell. Diploid: having two sets of chromosomes in each cell. Mitosis: cell division, which produces two genetically identical cells. Meiosis: reduction division, which produces four haploid reproductive cells. A diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores. Which process did it use? 1. Meiosis 2. Mitosis  A haploid gametophyte produces: 1. Diploid spores 2. Haploid spores 3. Diploid gametes 4. Haploid gametes Flowers Pollen go-betweens Showy flowers are the result of selection for more efficient pollination strategies. Flower parts are modified leaves. Those that were brightly colored attracted insects in search of pollen. Why would insects search for pollen? What other rewards do flowers offer? What are advantages and disadvantages to relying on insects as pollinators? Flower Parts Angiosperm Life Cycle A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell https://youtu.be/bUjVHUf4d1I?feature= shared Gametogenesis: Male Gametogenesis: Female Double Fertilization  The male structures of a flower are the: 1. Petals 2. Sepals 3. Carpels 4. Stamens A flower is perfect if it has: 1. Anthers and carpels 2. Petals and sepals 3. Petals and carpels 4. Sepals and stamens The two sperm from the pollen help give rise to: 1. Petals and sepals 2. Stamens and pistils 3. Endosperm and embryo 4. Gametes and spores  From ovary to fruit The ovary of the flower contains the ovules. As fertilized ovules develop into seeds, the ovary wall develops into the fruit. In science, the term “fruit” refers to a mature ovary that contains seeds. Flower to Fruit  Types of dry fruits Capsule (Poppy) Legume (Bean pod) Achene Follicle (Sunflower) Silique (Columbine) (Money Plant) Nut (Hazelnut)  Types of fleshy fruits Drupe Pome Pepo (Peach) (Apple) (Cucumber) Berry Aggregate Multiple (Tomato) (Strawberry) (Pineapple) Seeds arise directly from: 1. Ovaries 2. Ovules 3. Pollen grains 4. Anthers Seeds Ovule to seed Seed Anatomy Seed anatomy  Seed dormancy Seeds can remain dormant in the soil for long periods of time. Dormancy helps ensure that seeds only germinate when conditions are right. When we weed or cultivate a bare patch of soil, the weeds that sprout up immediately usually come from the “seed bank” already in the soil. Breaking dormancy Seeds require moisture and the right temperature to germinate. In addition, some seeds germinate only after certain environmental signals: Drying Temperature (period of cold or heat) Disruption of the seed coat Seed Germination Seed dispersal Plants hitchhike on animal poo Civet cat poop coffee