Cell Cycle and Division PDF

Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Topic 6 Cell Cycle and Division Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 1 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Se...

Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Topic 6 Cell Cycle and Division Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 1 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Cell division Mitosis Meiosi s Reproduction. (n.d.). Retrieved December 24, 2015, Fundamentals from of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 2 ytechnic http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/animals/life/produce.htm  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Learning Objectives Explain structure of chromosomes Distinguish between Mitosis Eukaryoti Meiosis c cell division Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 3 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Cell Division  All cells are derived from pre- existing cells  New cells are produced  For growth of individual  To replace damaged or old cells  Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, & animals) Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 4 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Keeping Cells Identical oThe instructions for making cell parts are encoded in the DNA oSo each new cell must get a complete set of the DNA molecules http:// www.hopkinsmedicine.org/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann health/articles-and-answers/ 5  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive DNA Replication DNA must be Original copied or DNA strand replicated before cell division Each new cell will then have an identical copy of Two new, the DNA identical DNA strands http:// www.passmyexams.co.uk/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 6  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Identical Daughter Cells Parent Cell Two identical daughter cells Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic 7 http://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Biology/2/Cell-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Chromosomes How DNA is packaged http://datateca.unad.edu.co/contenidos/203023/ MATERIAL_EN_LINEA/CURSO%20203023/ CIOTGENETICA%20APLICADA%20AL %20MEJORAMIENTO/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT,leccin_5_empaquetamiento_del_adn.html Ngee Ann Pol 8 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Eukaryotic Chromosomes DNA is packaged up tightly into structures called chromosomes DNA, chromosomes and gene expression. (n.d.). Retrieved January 5, 2016, from Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 9 http://sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Uniquely-Me/Sc ytechnic ience-Ideas-and-Concepts/DNA-chromosomes-and-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Eukaryotic Chromosomes Long thread-like structures made of a DNA molecule and protein During cell division, chromosomes coil up tightly into X shapes and are more easily visible under a microscope http://datateca.unad.edu.co/contenidos/203023/ MATERIAL_EN_LINEA/CURSO%20203023/ CIOTGENETICA%20APLICADA%20AL %20MEJORAMIENTO/ leccin_5_empaquetamiento_del_adn.htmlFundamentals ytechnic of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 10  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Eukaryotic Chromosomes All eukaryotic cells store genetic information in chromosomes Human body cells have 46 chromosomes, i.e. 23 pairs Each cell contains 23 homologous chromosomes. Any cell with 2 of each kind of chromosome is diploid (2n, with n representing the number of each kind of https://www.reference.com/science/ chromosome) Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 11 difference-between-chromosomes-genes- ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Some definitions: Homologous chromosome - chromosomes of the same size and shape which carry the same type of genes in the same order diploid (2n) - cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by two homologous chromosomes haploid (n) - cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by only one chromosome Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 12 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 23 sets of chromosomes  Chromosomes from a human cell arranged in pairs by size  First 22 pairs are called autosomes  Pair 23 consists of sex chromosomes  XX female or XY male http://www.livescience.com/27248- Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 13 ytechnic chromosomes.html  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Eukaryotic Chromosomes Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 14 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Chromosomes in Dividing Sensitive Cells Duplicated chromosomes are called chromatids & are held together by the centromere In a cell in which DNA synthesis has occurred all the chromosomes are duplicated and thus each consists of two identical sister http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/levin/bio213/ chromatids genetics/genetics.html Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 15  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive The Cell Cycle o The series of events from the time a cell forms until it divides o Divided into 2 major phases a) Interphase (G1, S and G2) b) Mitosis ( M phase) Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 16 ytechnic ttp://slideplayer.com/slide/6409699/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Interphase - G1 (Gap 1) 1st growth stage after cell division Cells mature by making more cytoplasm & organelles Cell carries on its normal metabolic activities Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 17 ytechnic ttp://slideplayer.com/slide/6409699/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Interphase - S (Synthesis) DNA is copied or replicated Each chromosome replicates to produce sister chromatids The sister chromatids are attached at centromere Life Sciences Cyberbridge. (n.d.). Retrieved January 5, 2016, from http://cyberbridge.mcb.harvard.edu/mitosis_4.html Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 18 ytechnic ttp://slideplayer.com/slide/6409699/  Replication of Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Chromosomes Replication = process of Occurs in duplicating a Interphase chromosome Occurs prior to division Replicated copies are called sister chromatids Held together at centromere http://www.citruscollege.edu/lc/archive/ biology/Pages/Chapter08-Rabitoy.aspx Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 19  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Interphase - G2 (Gap 2) 2nd Growth Stage Occurs after DNA has been replicated All cell structures needed for division are made (e.g. centrioles) Organelles & proteins are synthesized Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 20 ytechnic ttp://slideplayer.com/slide/6409699/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Summary of Interphase DNA replicates Centrioles (present only in animal cells) replicate Cell prepares for division Note: Throughout interphase, the genetic material is in the form of long, thin strands called chromatin. http://www.phschool.com/science/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 21 ytechnic biology_place/biocoach/mitosisisg/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Cell Cycle DNA Copied Cells Cells prepare Mature for Division Daught er Cells Cell Divides into Identical cells http://www.biologyexams4u.com/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 22 2012/09/cell-cycle-history-of- ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Break Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 23 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Mitosis Division of the nucleus Has four stages Produces identical offspring (2n  2n) Doesn’t occur in some cells such as brain cells http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2012/09/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann somatic-cell-formation-by- 24 Polytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Four Mitotic Stages Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2012/09/ somatic-cell-formation-by- Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 25  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Mitosis: Prophase Chromatin in nucleus condenses to form visible Interpha Propha http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/PGclass/ chromosomes se se louise's%20web%20page/louise%20copy/ Each chromosome is seen to cell_division_3.htm consist of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere Chromatids = replicated chromosome Centrioles move to either Interpha side of the nucleus se http://www.clker.com/cliparts/E/w/V/4/A/9/interphase-md. Assembly of spindle microtubules in cytoplasm Nuclear envelope & nucleolus are broken down Propha se http://www.clker.com/cliparts/P/A/1/1/r/N/prophase-md.p  Official (Closed) - Non Sketch The Spindle Sensitive http://www.slideshare.net/amjadkhanafridi4all/ cell-cycle-cell-reproduction Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 27  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Spindle Fiber attached to Chromosome Kinetochore Fiber Chromosome http://www.slideshare.net/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 28 ytechnic amjadkhanafridi4all/cell-cycle-cell-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Review of Prophase What the cell looks like http://www.slideshare.net/amjadkhanafridi4all/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 29 cell-cycle-cell-reproduction ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Metaphase Chromosomes, attached to the kinetochore fibers, move to the center of the cell Chromosomes are now lined up at the equator Equator of Cell Pole of the Cell http://www.slideshare.net/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 30 ytechnic amjadkhanafridi4all/cell-cycle-cell-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Metaphase Asters at the poles Spindle Chromosom Fibers es lined at the Equator Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 31 ytechnic ttps://quizlet.com/31549338/test  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Metaphase Aster Chromosomes at Equator http://www.slideshare.net/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 32 amjadkhanafridi4all/cell-cycle-cell- ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Review of Metaphase What the cell looks like What’s occurring http://www.slideshare.net/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 33 amjadkhanafridi4all/cell-cycle- ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Anaphase Occurs rapidly Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by kinetochore fibers https://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/ qz_mitosis_advanced.html Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 34  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Anaphase Sister Chromatids being separated http://www.slideshare.net/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 35 ytechnic shimaasherif/cell-cycle-cell-division/2  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Anaphase Review What the cell looks like What’s occurring http://www.slideshare.net/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 36 ytechnic shimaasherif/cell-cycle-cell-division/2  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Telophase Sister chromatids at opposite poles Spindle disassembles Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids Nucleolus reappears CYTOKINESIS occurs Chromosomes reappear as chromatin Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 37 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Comparison of Anaphase & Telophase http://www.slideshare.net/shimaasherif/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 38 cell-cycle-cell-division ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm Division of cell into two, identical halves called daughter cells In plant cells, cell plate forms at the equator to divide cell In animal cells, cleavage furrow forms to split cell Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 39 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Cytokinesis Cleavage Cell plate in furrow in plant cell animal cell http://www.slideshare.net/shimaasherif/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 40 ytechnic cell-cycle-cell-division  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Daughter Cells of Mitosis Have the same number of chromosomes as each other and as the parent cell from which they were formed Identical to each other, but smaller than parent cell Must grow in size to become mature cells (G1 of Interphase) Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 41 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Identical Daughter Cells What is the 2n or diploid number ? 2 Chromosome number the same, but cells smaller than parent cell http://www.slideshare.net/shimaasherif/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 42 ytechnic cell-cycle-cell-division  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Review of Mitosis http://www.slideshare.net/shimaasherif/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 43 ytechnic cell-cycle-cell-division  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Draw & Learn these Stages http://www.slideshare.net/shimaasherif/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 44 ytechnic cell-cycle-cell-division  Official (Closed) - Non Draw & Learn these Sensitive Stages http://www.slideshare.net/shimaasherif/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 45 ytechnic cell-cycle-cell-division  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Break Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 46 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Meiosis Formation of Gametes (Eggs & Sperms) Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 47 Polytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Facts About Meiosis Preceded by interphase which includes chromosome replication Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis I and Meiosis II Called Reduction- division Original cell is diploid (2n) Four haploid (1n) daughter cells are produced Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 48 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Facts About Meiosis Daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the original cell Produces gametes (eggs & sperm) Occurs in the testes in males (Spermatogenesis) Occurs in the ovaries in females (Oogenesis) Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 49 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive More Meiosis Facts  Start with 46 chromosomes (2n) After 1st division - 23 chromosomes (n) After 2nd division - 23 chromosomes (n) Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 50 Polytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Why Do we Need Sensitive Meiosis? It is the fundamental basis of sexual reproduction Two haploid (1n) gametes are brought together through fertilization to form a diploid (2n) zygote Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Polytechnic 51  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Fertilization – “Putting it all together” 2n = 6 1n =3 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 52 ytechnic ttp://slideplayer.com/slide/8600710/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Meiosis Forms Haploid Gametes Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number by half from Fertilization mom then from restores dad the 2n number child too much! meiosis reduces genetic content The right number! http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 53 cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Meiosis: Two Part Cell Division Sister chromatids Homologs separate separate Meiosis Meiosis I II Diploid Haploid Haploid http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 54 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Meiosis I: Reduction Division Nucleus Spindle fibers Nuclear envelope Early Prophase I Late Metaphase I Prophase I Anaphase I Telophase I (haploid) http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 55 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Prophase I Late prophase Early prophase Chromosomes Homologs pair condense Crossing over Spindle forms occurs. Nuclear envelope http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ cell-division-meiosis-13017412 ytechnic fragments Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 56  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Tetrads Form in Prophase I Homologous chromosomes Join to form a TETRAD (each with sister chromatids) Called Synapsis http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 57 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Crossing-Over Homologous chromosomes in a tetrad cross over each other Pieces of chromosomes or genes are exchanged Produces genetic recombination in the offspring http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ cell-division-meiosis-13017412 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 58  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Crossing-Over https://www.quora.com/What-is-the- Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 59 ytechnic difference-between-tetrad-bivalent-dyad-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Metaphase I Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the equator of the cell http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 60 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Anaphase I Homologs separate and move to opposite poles. Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres. http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 61 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Telophase I Nuclear envelopes reassemble. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cell into two. http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 62 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Meiosis II Only one homolog of each chromosome is present in the cell. Sister chromatids carried identical genetic information before crossing over. Meiosis II produces gametes with one copy of each chromosome and thus one copy of each gene. http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ cell-division-meiosis-13017412 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 63  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II 4 haploid cells http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 64 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Prophase II Nuclear envelope fragments Spindle forms http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 65 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Metaphase II Chromosomes align along equator of cell. http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 66 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Anaphase II Equator Pole Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 67 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Telophase II Nuclear envelope assembles. Chromosomes decondense. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cell into two. http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 68 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Results of Meiosis Gametes (egg & sperm) form Four haploid cells with one copy of each chromosome One allele of each gene Different combinations of alleles for different genes http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ cell-division-meiosis-13017412 ytechnic along the chromosome Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 69  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 70 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Oogenesis http://www.slideshare.net/mbrown0928/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 71 ytechnic cell-division-meiosis-13017412  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Mitosis Meiosis 2 Number of divisions 1 Number of daughter cells 2 4 Genetically identical? Yes No Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent Where Somatic cells Germ cells When Throughout life At sexual maturity Role Growth and repair Sexual reproduction Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 72