Reproductive System Topic 5 PDF

Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 1 Topic 5 Reproductive System © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ...

Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 1 Topic 5 Reproductive System © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 2 Learning Objectives Describe the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems State the functions of the male and female reproductive hormones Explain the process of ovulation and menstrual cycle © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 3 Reproductive System Functions 1. Production of gametes 2. Fertilization 3. Development and nourishment of a new individual 4. Production of reproductive hormones © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 4 Major Reproductive Organs © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 5 Formation of Gametes Gametes: sex cells sperm in males oocytes (eggs) in females Meiosis: a special type of cell division that leads to formation of sex cells Each sperm cell and each oocyte contains 23 chromosomes © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 6 From Fertilization to Fetus Fertilization: union of sperm and oocyte Zygote: what develops after fertilization develops into an embryo 3 to 14 days after fertilization Embryo: 14 to 56 days after fertilization Fetus: 56 days after fertilization © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 7 Male Reproductive System © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 8 Male Reproductive Structures © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 9 Male Reproductive Organs 1 Scrotum: contains testes (singular: testis) sperm must develop at temperatur e lower than body temperatur © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 10 Male Reproductive Organs 2 Testes: primary male reproductive organ produces sperm in scrotum contain seminiferous tubules: © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 11 Male Reproductive Organs 3 Testes continued: contain interstitial cells: secrete testosterone contain germ cells: cells that sperm cells arise from contain sustentacular © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 12 Male Reproductive Organs 4 Epididymis: thread-like tubules on side of each testis where seminiferous tubules empty new sperm where sperm continue to mature & develop © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 13 Male Reproductive Organs 5 Ductus deferens: “vas deferens” extends from epididymis and joins seminal vesicle cut during a vasectomy © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 14 Male Reproductive Organs 6 Urethra: extends from urinary bladder to end of penis passageway for urine and male reproductive fluids © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 15 Male Reproductive Organs 7 Penis: transfer sperms from male to female excrete urine © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 16 Male Reproductive System Glands Seminal Vesicles: next to ductus deferens helps form ejaculatory duct Prostate gland: surrounds urethra size of a walnut Bulbourethral gland: small mucus secreting glands near base of © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 17 Secretions 1 Semen: mixture of sperm and secretions from glands provides a transport medium and nutrients that protect and activate sperm 60% of fluid is from seminal vesicles 30% of fluid is from prostate gland 5% of fluid is from bulbourethral gland © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 18 Secretions 2 Seminal vesicles: provide fructose contain prostaglandins which decrease mucus thickness around cervix and uterine tubes and help sperm move through female reproductive tract © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 19 Secretions 3 Prostate gland: contains enzymes to liquefy semen after it is inside female neutralizes acidity of vagina Bulbourethral gland: neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vagina © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 20 Secretions 4 Testicular secretions: include sperm and small amount of fluid 2 to 5 milliliters of semen is ejaculated each time. 1 milliliter of semen contains 100 million sperm. Sperm can live for 72 hours once inside female. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 21 Path of Sperm 1. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules (testes) 2. Epididymis (mature) 3. Ductus deferens 4. Receive secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 22 Sperm Cell Structure Head: contain a nucleus and DNA Midpiece: contain mitochondria Tail: flagellum for movement © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 23 Male Sex Hormones 1 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced in the hypothalamus and stimulates secretion of LH and FSH. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates secretion of testosterone. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced in the anterior pituitary and prompts spermatogenesis. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 24 Male Sex Hormones 2 Testosterone is produced in the interstitial cells in the testes and is involved in development and maintenance of reproductive organs. Inhibin is secreted by Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules and slows down spermatogenesis when sperm count is too high. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 25 Male Puberty Male puberty: sequence of events in which a boy begins to produce male hormones and sperm cells begins at 12 to 14 and ends around 18 testosterone is major male hormone secondary sexual characteristics develop: Example - skin texture, fat distribution, hair growth, skeletal muscle growth, and © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 26 Female Reproductive System © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 27 Female Pelvis © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 28 Female Reproductive Organs 2 Ovaries: primary female reproductive organ one on either side of uterus produces oocytes and sex hormones © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 29 Structure of Ovary and Ovarian Follicles ovarian follicle: cells in ovaries that contain oocytes © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 30 Female Reproductive Organs 3 Uterine (Fallopian) tubes: part of uterus which extends toward ovaries and receive oocytes fimbriae are fringe-like structures around opening of uterine tubes that help sweep oocyte into uterine tubes tubal ligation (sterilization of female) © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 31 Female Reproductive Organs 4 Uterus: pear sized structure located in pelvic cavity functions: receive, retain, and provide nourishment for fertilized oocyte, where embryo resides and develops body: main part cervix: narrow region that leads © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 32 Female Reproductive Organs 5 Uterus wall layers: Perimetrium: outermost layer myometrium: middle layer (composed of smooth muscle) endometrium: innermost layer that is © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 33 Female Reproductive Organs 6 Vagina: extends from uterus to outside of body female copulation organ that receives penis during intercourse allows menstrual flow involved in childbirth contains very muscular walls and © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 34 External Female Genitalia 1 Vulva: external female sex organs mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, and vestibule Vestibule: space in which vagina and urethra are © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 35 External Female Genitalia 2 Labia minora: thin, inner folds of skin Clitoris: small erectile structure located in vestibule equivalent to male penis Prepuce: where 2 labia minora unite over clitoris © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 36 External Female Genitalia 3 Labia majora: larger, outer folds of skin equivalent to male scrotum © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 37 Ovulation, Menstrual Cycle & Menopause © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 38 Ovulation Ovulation: release of an oocyte from the ovary due to Luteinizing Hormone (LH) secreted from the anterior pituitary Corpus luteum: mature follicle after ovulation degenerates if egg is not fertilized © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 39 Oogenesis and Fertilization 1 Females are born with all of their oogonia (2 million), unlike males that only begin to produce sperm during puberty. At puberty, about 300,000 to 400,000 primary oocytes are left. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 40 Oogenesis and Fertilization 2 Secondary oocyte is swept into one of uterine tubes by fimbriae. If sperm is present in uterine tube during ovulation, the secondary oocyte could be fertilized. If fertilization occurs then zygote implants in uterus. Secondary oocyte only lives for 24 hours, so if no sperm is present at ovulation no zygote develops, and oocyte dies. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 41 Female Puberty Begins between 11 to 13 and is usually completed by 16 Menarche first episode of menstrual bleeding Vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, and external genitalia to enlarge and fat is deposited in breast and hips Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone are secreted by ovaries © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 42 Mammary Glands Organs of milk production in breasts Female breasts begin to enlarge during puberty Consists of lobes covered by adipose Lobes, ducts, lobules are altered during © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 43 Female Sex Hormones 1 Gonadotropin-releasing (GnRH) hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and stimulates secretion of LH and FSH. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is produced in the anterior pituitary and causes ovulation. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced in the anterior pituitary and prompts follicles in the ovaries to begin © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 44 Female Sex Hormones 2 Estrogen: proliferation of endometrial cells development of mammary glands (especially duct system) control of LH and FSH secretion development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 45 Female Sex Hormones 3 Progesterone: enlargement of endometrial cells maintenance of pregnancy state development of mammary glands control of estrogen, FSH, and LH secretion development of secondary sex characteristics © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 46 Menstrual Cycle Menstrual cycle: series of changes that occur in sexually mature, non-pregnant females Menses: time when endometrium is shed from uterus Average is 28 days and results from cyclical changes that occur in endometrium © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 47 Stages of Menstrual Cycle 1 Days 1 to 5 Menses (shedding of endometrium) menstrual bleeding (menses) estrogen and progesterone levels are low © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 48 Stages of Menstrual Cycle 2 Days 6 to 13 Proliferative (between end of menses and ovulation) endometrium rebuilds estrogen levels begin to increase progesterone levels remain low © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 49 Stages of Menstrual Cycle 3 Day 14 Ovulation oocyte is released due to LH estrogen levels high progesterone levels are increasing cervical mucus © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 50 Stages of Menstrual Cycle 4 Days 15 to 28 Secretory (between ovulation and next menses) endometrium is preparing for implantation estrogen levels decrease (low) progesterone levels © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 51 Menopause Menopause time when ovaries secrete less hormones and number of follicles in ovaries is low menstrual cycle and ovulation are less regular fatigue, irritability may occur estrogen replacement therapy may be used to decrease side effects © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 52 Thank you! © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education