Linguistic Varieties and Multilingual Nations (BIK22503) PDF

SOCIOLINGUISTICS (BIK22503) Linguistic Varieties and Multilingual Nations ADRIANA NUR IMAN NUR FATIN SYAHINDAH SARAH AISHAH MARSELA  Contents The following presentation and collection of...

SOCIOLINGUISTICS (BIK22503) Linguistic Varieties and Multilingual Nations ADRIANA NUR IMAN NUR FATIN SYAHINDAH SARAH AISHAH MARSELA  Contents The following presentation and collection of resources will focus on students developing the skills to achieve the following: 1 2 3 4 Vernacular Standard Lingua Pidgins and Languages Languages Francas Creoles  Vernacular Languages The word vernacular means the way people use language in a specific country or region. For instance, while English is a common language in places like the US, the UK, New Zealand, and Australia, the way that people use English is vernacular—it varies from country to country. Vernacular language is shaped by word choice, grammar, punctuation, literary devices, and turns of phrase. People who aren’t familiar with a specific form of vernacular language may find many phrases or ways of speaking unfamiliar or confusing—even if the root language is their primary language. "Can lah" (Can do) - "Can lah, no problem." "Makan" (Eat) - "Let's makan at that new restaurant." "Balik kampung" (Return to hometown) - "I'm excited to balik kampung for the holidays."  Standard Language Standard language is an idealized variety of a language that is considered the dominant or prestige variety within a language. It is the version of a language that is held up by prescriptive grammarians and language purists as correct. A standard language is always a particular dialect which has gained its special position as a result of social, economic and political influences. A standard dialect has no particular linguistic merits, whether in vocabulary, grammar or pronunciation. They are typically codified in dictionaries, grammar books, and official language guidelines, providing a consistent and recognized framework for communication in formal contexts. It is important to note that standard languages may exhibit regional variations or standard dialects associated with specific geographical areas or countries. For instance, standard British English differs in certain aspects from standard American English, and both may have variations within their respective regions. Despite these regional differences, the overarching goal of standard languages remains consistent communication and mutual understanding across linguistic communities  Lingua Francas Definition: A language used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages. The term itself comes from Italian, which translated to "Frankish Tongue". Back in the Middle Ages, there was a mix of languages used for trading in the Mediterranean, with influences from French and Italian, that was called Lingua Franca. This is where the general term came from. It is known as ‘Bridge Language’, that allows people from different backgrounds to understand each other. People typically learn lingua francas as their SECOND language. There can be more than one lingua franca in a place, depending on the situation. They can be both official and unofficial languages. Overall, lingua francas play an important role in facilitating communication and connection in our multilingual world.  Categories of Lingua Francas There are TWO main categories of lingua francas based on their official status: OFFICIAL UNOFFICIAL LINGUA FRANCA LINGUA FRANCA Formally recognized and used by an Commonly used for communication in a specific organization or government body. region or situation, even though it might not be the Example: The United Nations (UN) has six official official language. languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Example: English is widely used in air traffic Russian, and Spanish) that allow representatives control around the world, even though it might not from different countries to communicate effectively. be the native language of all the pilots and air traffic controllers. This is because English is so widely understood in the aviation industry that it promotes clear communication and safety.  Situations of Lingua Francas There are TWO situations where a lingua franca might develop: 1) GLOBALLY 2) LOCALLY English, French, and Spanish In a region with many languages, are widely used for international one language might become conferences or meetings because commonly used for communication many people around the world between different communities. know them and everyone doesn't For example, people living along happen to speak the same the Vaupés river in South America languages. might use Tukano to communicate with people from different villages to talk to each other, even though they have different native languages in their villages.  Malay: Southeast Asia's Language of the Past In the past, Malay used to be a really important language for communication across Southeast Asia, kind of like English is today. This was especially true during the Malacca Sultanate's time, a big empire in the region. Back then, a simpler form of Malay called "Market Malay" was used for trading between people who spoke different languages. While Malay isn't as widely used for communication now, it still played a big historical role.  Pidgins and Creoles PIDGIN is a language that has no native speakers. It develops between people who have no common language with each other. This language consists of simplified but limited vocabulary and is considered incomplete. CREOLE is derived from pidgin languages. The people who speak this language are considered as native speakers. However, unlike pidgin, creole is syntactically rich and complete. Why do Pidgins Develop? Pidgin forms when there are 2 or more groups communicates but they don’t have common language. Usually happens in trades and slave plantations. TRADES SLAVE PLANTATIONS Traders often meet a lot of Slaves who speak the same people so pidgin was languages are separated to developed in order to help reduce the risk the plotting them communicate with each of rebel and escape. Hence, other. For example, pidgin pidgin was developed as a English was used in trades means of communication between American troops and with other slaves without the Vietnamese. raising suspicions. Linguistic Structure of Pidgin Pidgin usually have the following characteristics: Simple phrase structure Example of Nigerian Pidgin English: “I go come your house tomorrow.” Most pidgins only have 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u) Simplified syllables & consonant clusters Example: ‘pes’ for paste & ‘silip’ for sleep Linguistic characteristic such as singular/plural, tense, and gender of objects are excluded. Reduce grammatical signals to a minimum. Difficult to learn and understand for non-speakers. Why do Creoles Develop? The final step after identifying your themes or ideas is to cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support your analysis. This requires you to identify specific examples or elements of the text that have influenced your interpretation of these ideas. Remember, in upper school we avoid paraphrasing examples as this can be too general. Instead, we look for explicit evidence such as direct quotations from the text to illustrate our analysis. We should also go a step further and comment on the textual conventions, language features, structural features or stylistic choices that are shown through each specific quotation.  Conventions & Language Features These will differ depending on whether the text you are discussing is literary or informational. Literary Texts Informational Texts The textual evidence you provide might include: The textual evidence you provide might include: examples of narrative conventions such as evidence supplied by the author including facts, characterisation, setting, point of view, plot statistics, expert opinion, personal anecdotes or events or symbolism case studies language features such as descriptive language, language features such as rhetorical question, figurative language, lexicon and connotation inclusive language, repetition or hyperbole structural features such as flash back, structural features such as cause and effect, foreshadowing, prologue or epilogue problem-solution, compare and contrast  References Holmes, J., & Wilson, N. (2017). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon Routledge. Sociolinguistics Part 2. (n.d.). Web.mnstate.edu. https://web.mnstate.edu/houtsli/tesl551/Socio/page2.htm#:~:text=Standard%20language%20is%20an%20idealized Vernacular: Definition and Examples. (2022, September 16). Vernacular: Definition and Examples | Grammarly. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/vernacular/#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20vernacular%3F An Approach to the Lingua Franca of the Mediterranean. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.iemed.org/publication/an- approach-to-the-lingua-franca-of-the-mediterranean/ Lingua franca. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/lingua-franca Elements Used: