Ethical Considerations in Research PDF - Kinesiology

Topic 2b: Ethical Considerations in Research KINS 2205 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODS IN KINESIOLOGY Alexandra Harriss KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY  Learning Objectives Discuss reasons why ethical standards are import...

Topic 2b: Ethical Considerations in Research KINS 2205 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODS IN KINESIOLOGY Alexandra Harriss KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY  Learning Objectives Discuss reasons why ethical standards are important to the research process in kinesiology Describe the core ethical principles and ethical guidelines and how they shape research planning, data generation, data analysis, and knowledge translation Identify unique ethical considerations for engaging in research with Indigenous peoples Describe processes to ensure research and scientific integrity KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 2  Conflicts of Interest A conflict of interest might occur when the study places researchers, or the university they are associated with, in a conflict with their duties related to research, personal, or institutional interests. When faced with potential conflicts of interest, researchers can draw upon Article 7.4 of the TCPS 2, which states the following: “Researchers shall disclose in research proposals they submit to the REB any real, potential or perceived individual conflicts of interest, as well as any institutional conflicts of interest or community conflicts of interest of which they are aware that may have an impact on their research. Upon discussion with the researcher, the REB shall determine the appropriate steps to manage the conflict of interest” KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 3  Conflicts of Interest Nancy Oliveri Case (Thompson, Baird, & Downie, 2001). KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 4  Research with Indigenous Peoples KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 5  Research with Indigenous Peoples Many indigenous peoples in Canada, as well as globally are distrustful of research. Example: Nutrition Research described earlier taking place at indigenous schools. Example: 1980 arthritis study: Collection of blood samples from over 800 indigenous peoples from the Nuu-chah-nulth First Nations in British Columbia. KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 6  Research with Indigenous Peoples Federal policies: Chapter 9 of the TCPS2 How the three core principles are applied when conducting research with First Nations, Inuit and Metis peoples of Canada Justice: Treating people equitably and fairly. Can be compromised when there is a real or perceived imbalance between the researcher and participant. KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 7  Research with Indigenous Peoples In addition to Federal policies: Chapter 9 of the TCPS2, researchers also should consider OCAP® principles when engaging in research involving Indigenous Peoples. OCAP: Ownership, Control, Access and Possession. OCAP® received registered trademark status with the First Nations Information Governance Centre (FNIGC) in 2015. Therefore, the principles of OCAP® and the OCAP® logo cannot be used without the permission of the FNIGC. The OCAP® principles were developed with a focus on First Nations but are relevant to research involving all Indigenous peoples in Canada, as well as many Indigenous peoples globally KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 8  OCAP® Principles Ownership: Acknowledges the relationship between First Nations and their cultural information, knowledge, and data. This principle states that any information collected from First Nations is owned by the community. KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 9  OCAP® Principles Control: Outlines how First Nations communities have the right to control all aspects of research KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 10  OCAP® Principles Access First Nationals are able to access any research information about themselves and their communities regardless of where the information is held. KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 11  OCAP® Principles Possession Refers to the right of First Nations to physically possess all and any research data that are collected. KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 12  OCAP® Principles The OCAP® principles are foundational to many research programs involving First Nations in Canada. By applying the OCAP® principles, it may be possible to support ethical research processes with First Nations. KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 13  Animal Research Ethics Animal models are used extensively in kinesiology research Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) Developed policy statements for the experimental care and use of animals in research KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 14  Animal Research Ethics Key aspects of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) include: 1. Mandate 2. Guidelines & Standards 3. Accreditation 4. Review & Oversight 5. Training & Education 6. Collaboration 7. Transparency & Accountability KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 15  Animal Research Ethics REPLACEMENT Methods to avoid or replace the use of animals in an area where animals would otherwise have been used REDUCTION Any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used Modification of experimental procedures to minimize pain REFINEMENT and distress KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 16  Research Ethics Review Boards (REBs) Research involving human participants requires ethics review and approval by a REPLACMENT REB before recruitment can begin. What research that requires REB review? Research involving human participants. Who is a human participant? REDUCTION REFINEMENT KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 17  Research Ethics Review Boards (REBs) Who does not need an REB review? REPLACMENT Information that is legally or publicly accessible, with no expectation of privacy Research involving the observation of people in public places Secondary use of anonymous information or human biological materials REDUCTION REFINEMENT KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 18 What is the role of a Research Ethics Board Review (REB)? REBs are the bodies that are established by the institutions to provide ethics oversight for all research projects. A committee accountable to the institution that created it with respect to its operations, but independent with respect to its decisions on research proposals. What is the role of a Research Ethics Board Review (REB)? REBs do not critique the design and methods with a view to improving the quality of the proposed research. TCPS2 (2022) requires REB review and approval prior to the commencement of research with humans. REBs conduct an initial review, and remain responsible for ethics oversight throughout the full life cycle of the research. What is the role of a REB? Researchers must report to the REB any unanticipated issues or events that may arise. Arises when issues may increase the level of risk to participants Ethical implications for the welfare of participants. Researchers must submit to their REB any substantive changes to their originally approved research. How does an REB conduct a review? REBs operate by consensus that is reached following discussion among members and in dialogue with researchers. REBs must function impartially, providing a fair hearing to researchers, and documenting their opinions and decision Must communicate their decisions in a timely and efficient manner.  Who sits on an REB? An REB must reflect a variety of backgrounds and perspectives It consists of at least five members, including at least: two members with expertise in the discipline(s) of the research under review; one member knowledgeable in ethics; one member knowledgeable in law one community member, external to the institution, to represent the participant perspective Check Your Understanding 1. What is the role of the REB? 2. Who is makes up the REB? Check Your Understanding: Case Study "Effects of High-Intensity Exercise on Adolescent Athletes" Research Plan: A principal investigator (PI) plans to conduct a study investigating the effects of high-intensity exercise on adolescent athletes' cardiovascular fitness. The study involves monitoring heart rate, blood pressure, and performance metrics during intense training sessions. 1. Do you think an REB needed? 2. Considerations for Respect for Persons? 3. Considerations for Justice? 4. Considerations for Concerns for Welfare?  References Thompson, J., Baird, P., & Downie, J. (2001). The Olivieri Report: The complete text of the report of the independent inquiry commissioned by the Canadian Association of University Teachers. Toronto, ON: James Lorimer & Company. Research Methods in Kinesiology" by Kent C. Kowalski, Tara-Leigh F. McHugh, Catherine M. Sabiston, and Leah J. Ferguson (Edition 2) Shuchman, M. (2005). The drug trial: Nancy Olivieri and the scandal that rocked the Hospital for Sick Children. Random House Digital, Inc. Somerville, M. A. (2002). A postmodern moral tale: The ethics of research relationships. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 1, 316–20. doi:10.1038/nrd773 KINS 1100 LAB 01 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 26