Topic 2 Transport in Humans PDF

Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive pic 2 Transport in Humans Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 1 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Learning Objectives Blood compos...

Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive pic 2 Transport in Humans Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 1 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Learning Objectives Blood composition and functions Blood clotting process Cardiovascular system - Heart structure - Major blood vessels and blood flow - Pulmonary and systemic circuits Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 2 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive What makes up the cardiovascular system?  Heart  Blood vessels  Blood https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 3 ytechnic chapter-1-the-human-body-an-orientation/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive What does the cardiovascular system do? It is a transportation system  delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells  removes the carbon dioxide and waste products made by those cells https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 4 ytechnic chapter-1-the-human-body-an-orientation/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Characteristics of Blood Thicker than water Average-sized Average-sized Heavier than water adult adult has has 44 to to O2 content 66 liters liters of of determines color blood blood Amount Amount depends Males (5-6 L), on: depends on: females (4-5 L)  Size of person Size of person  Amount of Amount of adipose adipose tissue tissue  Concentrations Concentrations of of ions ions  Females have 5 Females have Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Blood & blood cells Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells Plasma (55% of volume) fluid dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more Formed elements/cells (45% of volume) red blood cells (RBC) transport O2 in hemoglobin white blood cells (WBC) defense & immunity platelets blood clotting http://slideplayer.com/slide/6041135/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 6 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Figure 11.1 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann http://www.slideshare.net/ Polytechnic 7 UthamalingamMurali/blood-products-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Composition of Blood Plasma: - 55% of total blood - pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells - 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other Formed Elements: - 45% of total blood - cells and cell fragments - erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes RBC WBC Platelets Composition of blood https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V SVYgivfs9c Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 8 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Plasma Proteins Albumin: - 58% of plasma proteins - helps maintain water balance Globulins: - 38% of plasma proteins - helps immune system Fibrinogen: - 4% of plasma proteins - aids in clot formation Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 9 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Erythrocytes Red blood cells (RBC) Disk-shaped with thick edges Function: Transport O2 to tissues Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 10 ytechnic http://slideplayer.com/slide/2299580/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Erythrocytes Small round cells produced in bone marrow lose nuclei & mitochondria more space for hemoglobin iron-containing protein that transports O2 last 3-4 months (120 days) filtered out by liver ~3 million RBC destroyed each second https://www.reference.com/health/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 11 happens-many-red-blood-cells- ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Hemoglobin Main component of erythrocytes Transports O2 Each globin protein is attached to a heme molecule Each heme contains one iron atom O2 binds to iron Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin with an O2 attached Hemoglobin. (n.d.). Retrieved November 4, 2015, from http://medicine.academic.ru/3799/Hemoglob in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2hKDxX-KjE (0 - 1:50) Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 12 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Leukocytes White blood cells (WBC) Lack hemoglobin Larger than erythrocytes Contain a nucleus Functions: - fight infections - remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 13 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Types of Leukocytes 1. Neutrophils: - most common (40-60% of WBCs) - defend against bacterial or fungal infection - phagocytes How neutrophils work? 2. Eosinophils: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0 TvTyj5FAaQ - deal with parasitic infections - predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions 3. Basophils: - short-term inflammatory response - release histamine Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 14 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Types of Leukocytes 4. Monocytes: - large leukocytes - differentiate into macrophages 5. Lymphocytes: https://www.youtube.com/wat - immune responsech?v=NZbkWQFQzvA (FYI) - several different types (T cells and B cells) - lead to production of antibodies Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 15 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Platelets Involved in blood clotting Produced in red bone marrow Composition of blood & platelet function http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=CRh_dAzXuoU Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 16 ytechnic ttp://slideplayer.com/slide/6424400/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Blood Cell production  Stem cells  “parent” white blood cells in bone cells marrow white blood  differentiate cells into many different red blood types of cells cells Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 17 http://slideplayer.com/slide/9048113/ Polytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive How does blood Blood clotting clot? https:// www.youtube.com/ chemical platelets watch?v=-- fibrin protein fibers emergency seal the hole bZUeb83uU build clot signals Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann http:// Polytechnic 18 biogeonerd.blogspot.sg/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Steps in Clot Formation 1. Injury to a blood vessel causes release of prothrombin activator 2. Prothrombin activator acts upon prothrombin 3. Prothrombin is switched to its active form thrombin 4. Thrombin activates fibrinogen into its active form fibrin 5. Fibrin forms a network that traps blood (clots) Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 19 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Circulatory System in Animals Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 20 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Circulatory System Supplies in fuel (sugars) digestive system oxygen respiratory system Waste out CO2 respiratory system Need to pick up & deliver the supplies & wastes around the body circulatory system http://ksuweb.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 21 ytechnic Bio2108/Lecture/LecPhysio/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Circulatory system Made up of 3 parts organ heart tissues & cells blood red blood cells blood vessels (vascular system) arteries veins Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann capillaries http://www.slideshare.net/ 22 Polytechnic jayswan/chapter-42-circulation  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Circulatory System – Functions of the heart 1. Regulates blood supply 2. Generates blood pressure 3. Routes blood 4. Ensures 1 way blood flow (Heart valves) Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 23 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Heart Characteristics Size: size of a fist and weighs less than 1 lb. Location: between lungs in thoracic cavity Orientation: apex (bottom) towards left side http://www.slideshare.net/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 24 ytechnic gopalhargi/presentation1pptx-heart-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Heart 4-Chambered heart atria (atrium) left thin wall atrium collection chamber receive blood ventricles right thick wall atrium pump blood out right left ventricle ventricle 25 https://quizlet.com/75829684/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol cardiovascular-system-the-heart- ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Chambers and Blood Vessels 4 Chambers: - left atrium (LA) - right atrium (RA) - left ventricle (LV) - right ventricle (RV) Coronary sulcus: separates atria from ventricles 26 https://www.studyblue.com/notes/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 26 note/n/heart-notes/deck/34326 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Atria Upper portion Holding chambers Small, thin walled Contract minimally to push blood into ventricles Interatrial septum: separates right and left atria https://quizlet.com/75829684/ 27 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 27 cardiovascular-system-the-heart- ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Ventricles Lower portion Pumping chambers Thick, strong walled Contract forcefully to propel blood out of heart Interventricular septum: separates right and left ventricles https://quizlet.com/75829684/ 28 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 28 cardiovascular-system-the-heart- ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive https://www.studyblue.com/notes/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 29 note/n/heart-notes/deck/34326 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Valves Structures that ensure 1 way blood flow Atrioventricular valves (AV): between atria and ventricles LA - Tricuspid valve: - AV valve between RA andRARV - 3 cusps LV - Bicuspid valve (mitral): RV - AV valve between LA and LV - 2 cusps https://quizlet.com/75829684/ 30 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 30 cardiovascular-system-the-heart- ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Summary of chambers, valves: Valves https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=qmpd82mpVO4 (until 2.10) Blood flow between heart & lungs: - Chordae tendineae:https://www.youtube.com/w - attached to AV valve flaps atch?v=jBt5jZSWhMI (New) - support valves Semilunar valves: LA - Pulmonary: base of pulmonary trunk RA - Aortic: LV base of aorta RV https://quizlet.com/75829684/ 31 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 31 cardiovascular-system-the-heart- ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 32 ytechnic https://www.pinterest.com/pin/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Lung capillaries Blood vessels Pulmonary circuit arteries veins artery arterioles venules arterioles capillaries venules veins http://slideplayer.com/slide/6425577/ https://sharon-taxonomy2010- Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 33 p2.wikispaces.com/Chordata-Amphibia ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Blood Vessels Functions 1. Carry blood 2. Exchange nutrients, waste products, gases within tissues 3. Transport substances 4. Regulate blood pressure 5. Direct blood flow to tissues Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 34 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Arteries: Built for their job Arteries blood flows away from heart thicker walls provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood elastic & stretchable maintains blood pressure even when heart relaxes Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 35 ytechnic http://slideplayer.com/slide/6425577/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Major arteries aorta pulmonary artery pulmonar coronary arteries y artery = to lungs Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol http://www.slideshare.net/ 36 ytechnic jayswan/chapter-42-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Veins: Built for their job Veins Blood flows toward heart blood returns back to heart thinner-walled Open valve blood travels back to heart at low speed & pressure why low pressure? far from heart blood flows because muscles contract when we move squeeze blood through veins valves in large veins Closed valve in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to flow only toward heart Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 37 ytechnic ttp://slideplayer.com/slide/6425577/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Major Veins superior vena cava = from upper body pulmonary pulmonary vein = vein = from lung from lung inferior vena cava = from lower body Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol http://www.slideshare.net/ 38 ytechnic jayswan/chapter-42-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Capillaries Capillaries very thin walls allows exchange of materials across capillary Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 39 ttp://slideplayer.com/slide/6425577/ ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive http://www.medtrng.net/efmb/quizzes/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol https://quizlet.com/ 40 ytechnic 16697345/anatomy-chapter- quizzes/bloodvessels_files/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Capillary function exchange between blood & tissues O2, CO2, H2O, food, waste blood flow in capillaries controlled by pre- capillary sphincter valves pre-capillary sphincters open pre-capillary sphincters closed Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 41 ytechnic ttp://schoolbag.info/biology/living/191.html  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Capillary Beds Blood flow at any given time, only 5-10% of body’s capillaries have blood flowing through them supply varies as blood is needed after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive tract to skeletal muscles capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled to capacity Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic 42  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Blood Flow Blood flows from arteries into arterioles Arterioles into capillaries Capillaries into venules Venules to small veins Veins return to heart Summary of heart chambers, materials exchange, chamber contractions (video paused btw 0.48 – 2.00) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn6QmETEm8 s Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic 43  Official (Closed) - Non Evolution of circulatory Sensitive system Not everyone has a 4-chambered heart fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals 2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber V A A A A A A A V V V V Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 44 ytechnic http://www.slideshare.net/shakinaz/topic-3-circulatory-system-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Evolution of circulatory systems What is the advantage of having a 4-chambered heart? able to create more pressure to pump blood around the system Separation of oxygen-rich & oxygen-poor blood Caters for higher energy needs greater need for energy, fuel, O2, waste removal warm-blooded & flying animals need 10x energy compared to cold-blooded animals of similar size need to deliver 10x fuel & O2 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 45 ytechnic http://slideplayer.com/slide/6425577/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive The Heart: Blood Flow Oxygenate d blood out Deoxygena to body ted blood in from Oxygenated body blood in lungs Deoxygenat ed blood out to lungs Atria Contract Ventricles ttp://mtweb.mtsu.edu/poleary/heart.htm Contract Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic 46 http://html.rincondelvago.com/resistencia-aerobica.html  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Cardiac cycle 1 complete sequence of pumping heart contracts & pumps heart relaxes & chambers fill Systole = contraction phase Diastole = relaxation phase http://www.slideshare.net/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 47 ytechnic jayswan/chapter-42-circulation  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Cardiac cycle Atria & ventricles Atria contract Ventricles contract are relaxed simultaneously. simultaneously. Blood flows into Tricuspid & Tricuspid & bicuspid heart bicuspid valves valves close open Semilunar valves open Blood flows from Blood flows from atria to ventricles ventricles out of the heart https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-circulatory-system-40/mammalian-heart-and-blood-vessels-226/ the-cardiac-cycle-852-12097/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 48 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive The Heart: Heart Sounds One cardiac cycle – two heart sounds (lub and dub) when valves in the heart snap shut Lub – First sound When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut Dub – Second sound When the ventricles relax and the pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol http://www.slideshare.net/ 49 ytechnic jayswan/chapter-42-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Circulation of Blood 2 part system Circulation to lungs Circulation to lungs lungs blood gets O2 from lungs brings O2-rich blood back to heart heart Circulation to body pumps O2-rich blood to body picks up nutrients from body digestive system brings CO2 & cell wastes Circulation from body to heart to body Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 50 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Circulatory system 2 part system lungs artery vein from lungs to lungs to heart heart vein from body artery to heart to body body Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 51 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Circulation System Arterial system Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood Paired – left and right artery of the same name http://classes.midlandstech.edu/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 52 ytechnic carterp/Courses/bio110/chap12/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Circulation System Venous system Carries oxygen- poor blood toward the heart Except pulmonary veins Most large veins have the same names as the arteries they are next to http://classes.midlandstech.edu/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 53 ytechnic carterp/Courses/bio110/chap12/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Circulation System Pulmonary circuit right atrium  right ventricle  pulmonary artery trunk  pulmonary arteries  lungs  pulmonary veins  heart (left atrium) Systemic circuit left atrium  left ventricle  aorta  arteries  arterioles  capillaries  venules  veins  vena cava  heart (right atrium) 27-54 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 55 ytechnic https://www.pinterest.com/pin/351140102169616158/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Stops along the way… Lungs pick up O2 / clean out CO2 Small Intestines pick up nutrients from digested food Large Intestines pick up water from digested food Liver clean out worn out blood cells Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 56 http://ksuweb.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/ ytechnic Bio2108/Lecture/LecPhysio/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive More stops along the way Kidneys filters out wastes (urea) excess salts, sugars & water Bone picks up new red blood cells Spleen picks up new white blood cells Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 57 http://ksuweb.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/ ytechnic Bio2108/Lecture/LecPhysio/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive E-learning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIcAF34MPpU (optional) Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 58 ytechnic