Topic-2-Forgery-QD.pptx_compressed.pdf

Forgery – is a purposeful attempt to make a fraudulent copy of something, whether it is a signature, money or a piece of art.  Kinds and Methods of Forging 1. Simple Forgery 2. Simulated Forgery 3. Traced Forgery  Types of Traced Forgery 1. Indentation Pro...

Forgery – is a purposeful attempt to make a fraudulent copy of something, whether it is a signature, money or a piece of art.  Kinds and Methods of Forging 1. Simple Forgery 2. Simulated Forgery 3. Traced Forgery  Types of Traced Forgery 1. Indentation Process 2. Transmitted Process 3. Carbon Process  Process of Forgery Detection Detecting a forged signature begins with an original document and a wet ink signature. Forms of forged signatures include: Tracings Manipulations, and Deception  With a tracing, the writer may not be confident that they possess the skill to successfully simulate the signature on their own so they depend on a model signature for guidance. Side lighting the document may uncover indented impressions around the signature area which may indicate a tracing was attempted.  Manipulated signatures can come from a genuine source(s) but are cut and pasted onto a fraudulent document using desktop publishing, a photocopier, or some combination of current technologies. Careful study of the placement of the signature on the document, alignment, fonts, and spacing are just a few of the areas of concern.  Sometimes a signature is genuine but is obtained under false pretenses and deceitful means. The elderly are often targets for this type of forgery when different documents are substituted without their knowledge or consent.  Other types of forgeries include “guided hand” and auto forgeries. Guided hand forgeries are frequently encountered with an ageing writer who depends on their caregiver to guide their hand/arm while signing checks, etc.  The signature may not appear natural as two individuals are guiding the signature across the page. Sometimes, the aging writer may cease signing their names and the caregiver continues to sign important documents. These types of cases are extremely difficult and considerable care must be taken in the analysis.  Autoforgeries is a class of forgeries when a person simulates their own signature, changing a few characteristics, to later claim the signature is not theirs due to some minor defect. These types of forgeries are considered remote but have been known to occur where large sums of money were at stake.  Techniques of Forger Some forgers attempt to imitate handwriting or signatures while others disguise their own handwriting to prevent others from identifying it as theirs.  There are also forgers who alter documents by changing dates or raising amounts of money. Some attempt the more difficult task of forging not just a signature but a whole document.  He will probably focus on imitating the habits of the original writer, but will revert to his own writing habits when his attention wanes.  Alterations are changes which usually affect the original meaning of a document, made either at the stage of preparation and when the parts of the document are already signed, sealed and witnessed or fraudulently altered after its execution.  Alterations Any change which give the document a different effect from that which is originally possessed.  Alterations As a legal term, an act purposely done on an instrument by a party thereto or one beneficially interested therein which effects a change in the sense or language of the instrument.  Fraudulent Alterations Are changes made after execution of a document and without the consent of the other party.  Alterations are made in any of the following manners: Addition – Any matter made as part of the document after its original preparation that altered or changed the original meaning of the document may be referred to as addition. Erasure – It may be done through: Mechanical – by rubbing with rubber eraser or scrapping with sharp instrument, and Chemical – by directly applying ink eradicator or other bleaching solutions on ink lines. Obliteration – the blotting out or smearing over the writing to make the original writing invisible or indecipherable. To obliterate means to blot out so as not be readily or clearly readable. Interlineation or Intercalation – insertion of words or phrases between lines or paragraph. Substitution - Changing the original meaning of a document by substituting the whole genuine sheet or page with fraudulent one where a document consists of more than one sheets or pages. Superimposition - overwriting or overlapping. Cancellation – to remove by cutting out or stamping lines across written matter to signify its omission.  Points to Consider in Alterations All alterations must be countersigned alongside them Always require a counter-signature, not a mere counter-initial  The counter-signature must be in the same in form as the main signature The counter-signature must be examined/verified separately from, and as carefully as the main signature  The three other parts of the check posting media, the date, the payee, and the amount in words and figures must be examined in chronological, systematic matter.  Decipherment The process of making out what is illegible or what has been effaced. It refers to the process of reading or making out the material, which is illegible without actually developing or restoring the original writing on the document itself.  Decipherment of Invisible Writing The disappeared or invisible inks are fluids used to for secret writing. Invisible inks are revealed by heat, chemical reaction and UV light. Disappearing inks are acid base indicators showing different colors at different pH (Power of Hydrogen).  Ink disappears after about 65 hours. Could be used for forging the documents Many destructive and non-destructive methods are available for forensic decipherment of these disappeared writing. In present communication a simple non destructive method is applied for decipherment of disappeared signatures on share transfer agreement and other related documents. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTA7KR9-9lM