Digital Media 4e - Chapter 2 - Image Files PDF

digital media 4e Chapter 2 Image Files © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 3.1: Distinguishing Between Graphic Programs Lesson...

digital media 4e Chapter 2 Image Files © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 3.1: Distinguishing Between Graphic Programs Lesson 3.2: Determining Image File Formats Lesson 3.3: Managing Image Sizes © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes 3.1: Convey the difference between painting and drawing programs 3.2: Demonstrate an understanding of file extensions and file types 3.3: Recognize the role that compression, interlacing, encoding, and resolution play in file sizes © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Distinguishing Between Graphic Programs Paint programs create images by using pixels (or picture elements) – Pixel—a specific color at a specific location in a matrix or grid Drawing programs use vectors, or lines, to produce an image Examples? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Raster-Based Paint Programs Paint programs assign each pixel to grid of x and y coordinates—a raster – Images are called raster images, raster graphics, or bitmaps Enlarging raster images causes pixilation(jaggies) Reducing raster images results in loss of sharpness © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 5 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Raster-Based Paint Programs (cont.) Many software programs are available to create and manage raster images – Adobe Photoshop is the most widely used program – Microsoft Paint is provided with the Windows OS – Corel Paint Shop Pro is a stand-alone program – GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is open source – Cloud computing offers access to imaging software through the Internet (i.e., Picasa and Flickr) © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 6 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Non-native Raster File Types File Type Information BMP Usually placed in word processing documents (bitmap) File sizes are often quite large Usually limited to 256 colors because they do not use compression JPG Use up to 16 million colors (Joint Reproduce the quality, color, and detail found in photographs or graphics Photographic using blends and gradients Experts Group) Most digital cameras save photographs as JPGs JPGs are the most common nonnative raster file format in use today GIF Compressed and use only 256 colors (Graphics File sizes are quite small Interchange Suitable for line drawings, images with transparent backgrounds, and Format) animated figures Small and work on many platforms Are commonly used in web page design Native File Format? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 7 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Non-native Raster File Types (cont.) File Type Information TIF A bitmap file type that works well in all environments (Tagged Image Files are quite large File Format) Can show 16 million colors Are often used in print documents. Some digital cameras can save photographs in TIFF format PNG Retains 16 million colors and supports transparency (Portable Is becoming more common Network Often used to replace GIF files partly because of the increase in available Graphics) colors while remaining a small file size © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 8 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Non-native Vector File Types File Type Information EPS A general-purpose vector file format that has both the vector image data (Encapsulated and a screen preview in the same file PostScript) Most commonly used for printing purposes SVG SVG software is an example of an open-source image (Scalable Vector A vector graphic format designed specifically for use on the Web Graphics) Created using HTML code A popular choice for mobile devices because of its small file size © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 9 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Licensing Fees In 1994, CompuServe caused a stir when it announced that all commercial software companies using GIF compression in their programs had to pay licensing fees Was CompuServe correct in its decision to charge a licensing fee? Why or why not? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 10 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Format Conversion Once a copy of an image has been saved in its native format, you can change to another file format Different file formats are appropriate for different situations – Some programs can import only graphics with specific file formats – Some images look better saved as one format rather than another – Some images need to be small in order to load quickly on the Internet © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 11 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Compression Bandwidth is the speed at which a computer can transmit information along a network Compression is the process of reducing the size of the image Lossy compression reduces Lossless compression does the size of an image file by not change any pixel data removing information that is not essential © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 12 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Compression (cont.) JPG file format uses lossy compression JPGs allow you to select an image quality ranked from 1 to 12 – A higher number means a higher quality image and a larger file size – A lower number means a lower quality image and a smaller file size © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 13 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Resolution, Resizing, Resampling Bitmap images have visual sizes measured in two ways – The physical size (such as a photograph printed as a 4- × 6- inch image) – The number of pixels in each inch Physical sizes are also measured in pixel dimension (the number of pixels in a row and column of a raster grid) The resolution of an image is measured in pixel density or pixels per inch (ppi) © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 14 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Resolution, Resizing, Resampling (cont.) When you resize an image, you can choose whether to maintain the same amount of image data as in the original image Use resampling options to add or remove pixels when you resize – When resampling is on, changing image size does not change resolution – When resampling is off, changing physical dimensions changes resolution © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 15 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Resolution, Resizing, Resampling (cont.) When resampling is on, changing the resolution to 150 maintains same image size (1 x 1 inch) When resampling is off, changing resolution reduces the image size © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 16 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Resolution, Resizing, Resampling (cont.) Special formulas are used to determine what colors each new pixel should be based upon the colors around it © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 17 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Resolution, Resizing, Resampling (cont.) Aspect ratio is the ratio of the width to the height of an image Changing one number without changing the other results in distortion Image software sometimes allows you to lock the aspect ratio © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 18 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts Image programs can be categorized into two groups: paint programs and drawing programs Paint programs produce images using pixels Drawing programs use vectors or lines to produce an image Extensions for the most common raster file types are.bmp,.tif,.gif,.jpg, and.png Extensions for the file formats that are typically used for the Web are.gif,.jpg, and.png © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 19 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Extensions for the most common vector file formats are.svg and.eps Different file formats are appropriate for different situations. JPG image file sizes are reduced using a lossy compression algorithm that removes unnecessary pixels. GIF, PNG, and TIF use a lossless compression Resolution and pixel density determine the size of a file Resizing is best done maintaining the aspect ratio © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 20 accessible website, in whole or in part.  digital media 4e Digital Photography © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 4.1: Reviewing Cameras Lesson 4.2: Taking Photographs Lesson 4.3: Adjusting Settings © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes 4.1: Demonstrate knowledge of camera basics 4.2: Transfer images from a digital camera to a computer 4.3: Use good composition skills to take photographs 4.4: Photograph images with several different techniques 4.5: Use camera settings to modify an image 4.6: Adjust camera’s white balance to improve an image © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3 accessible website, in whole or in part.  DSLR Versus Point and Shoot Digital cameras fall into DSLR cameras are for two basic categories: professional or serious – DSLR (digital single lens amateur photographers reflex)—a camera that most interested in image uses a mirror system to quality capture an image – Point and shoot—a Point-and-shoot cameras camera designed to be are for photographers easy to use with preset who want ease of use and functions convenience © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4 accessible website, in whole or in part.  DSLR Versus Point and Shoot (cont.) DSLR cameras: – Better image quality – More adaptability – Faster performance – More manual control – WYSIWYG Susan Lake © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 5 accessible website, in whole or in part.  DSLR Versus Point and Shoot (cont.) Point-and-shoot cameras – Less expensive – More portable – Easier to use Susan Lake © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 6 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Camera Features Shooting modes Camera, tulip & mountain icons: Ritu Manoj Jethani/ Shutterstock.com; manual icon: Cengage Learning – A jog (or mode) dial is a type of wheel or dial on a camera that makes is possible to scroll through setting options by rotating the dial © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 7 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Camera Features (cont.) Megapixels – A unit of measure equal to 1 million pixels – On a digital camera, the megapixels on an image sensor react to and record light to produce an image – The number of megapixels indicates the maximum image resolution of a camera © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 8 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Camera Features (cont.) Optical versus digital zoom – With optical zoom, the camera lens physically moves to magnify your subject and make it appear closer – With digital zoom, the digital image sensor crops the area around your subject and digitally enlarges the subject (through interpolation of pixels) to fill the frame © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 9 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Camera Features (cont.) File types – The default file format for most digital cameras is JPEG (.jpg) – Some professional or serious amateur photographers prefer cameras that can save an image in a RAW file format – RAW files Include all of the image data without any compression or processing Must be processed by the photographer using conversion software on a computer © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 10 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Camera Care and Safety Camera care – Keep the lens area clean by using a soft lens cloth – Keep the lens cap on or the shutter closed when not using the camera – Beware of dropping the camera even from a short distance – Never force a memory card in or pull it out if there is resistance – Never force an uncooperative switch; instead find out why the latch or door is unable to function – Never throw rechargeable camera batteries in the trash: they can leak toxins into the environment © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 11 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Camera Care and Safety (cont.) Camera safety – Don’t shoot directly into the sun – Don’t walk while looking through the viewfinder – Don’t store camera batteries where they can come in contact with one another – Don’t handle batteries that appear to be leaking – Don’t open a camera body; some components can deliver an electrical shock © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 12 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Taking Photographs Candid photographs— Elements of design unplanned photographs include line, shape, color, taken with little or no and lighting preparation or posing Principles of composition Photographic include unity, balance, composition—selection perspective, and and arrangement of emphasis design elements within a photograph © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 13 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Focal Point A focal point is the most important element within an image on which you want a viewer to focus Use simple principles of composition to organize other elements in the image to direct your viewer’s attention to the focal point of the image © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 14 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Rule of Thirds The rule of thirds states that an image should be divided into an imaginary grid of nine equal parts and that the focal point should be placed at or Susan Lake close to the point where the lines of the grid intersect © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 15 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Framing Framing is using elements in a scene to visually surround your subject and make it stand out One key to framing is to make sure that the frame does not draw too much attention to itself; the Susan Lake objective is to focus on the subject © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 16 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Leading Lines Leading lines are actual or suggested lines in an image that draw a viewer’s eye through an image in a specific direction, usually to the focal point Lines can be straight, curved, vertical, horizontal, or even diagonal Susan Lake © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 17 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Cropping Cropping in photo composition means including all the elements you want and excluding anything you don’t want Remove unnecessary clutter in the background or surrounding your subject that will distract from your focal point Fill the frame, eliminating unwanted elements, and allowing the subject to occupy more space © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 18 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Directional Lighting Front lighting comes from behind the camera and illuminates the front of the subject, producing few or no shadows In side lighting, light is directed at a subject from either the left or the right side, creating lots of shadows and highlights Photos from Shutterstock.com - rocks: JFulmer; flower: hjschneider © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 19 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Directional Lighting (cont.) In back lighting, the light shines from behind the subject, toward the camera Shape and outline of a Photo from Shutterstock.com: subject are emphasized, Kondrashov Mikhail Evgenevich but other details are mostly lost in shadow © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 20 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Depth Clues the brain uses to perceive an object as three- dimensional: – The contrast between light and shadow – The size and relative position of items, or perspective Cameras take three-dimensional scenes and record them on the two-dimensional surface of a photograph There is no third dimension of actual depth in a photograph; the brain uses the same visual clues in a photograph to perceive the illusion of depth © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 21 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Depth (cont.) Perspective Angles – In photography, what makes – Shooting from a low angle items look larger and closer makes subjects appear bigger or smaller and farther away and more important – Can be used to create depth – Shooting from a higher angle and express a story about a diminishes a subject subject Elena Elisseva/Shutterstock.com Susan Lake © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 22 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Depth (cont.) Foreground, middle ground, background – To create depth in your © Dmitriy Shironosov/Shutterstock.com photos, make sure you have: Background Middle ground Foreground – Add depth by adding another element in front of your main subject © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 23 accessible website, in whole or in part.  10 Composition Rules in Photography https://blog.depositphotos.com/back-to- basics-10-composition-rules-in- photography.html © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 24 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Film Manufacturers The rise of digital photography means challenges for film manufacturers such as Kodak, Fuji, and Polaroid How did these businesses each respond to these challenges and what was the outcome? What can other industries learn about being ready for technological advances? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 25 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Adjusting Settings—Basics Three components that a camera uses to capture an image: – Shutter speed (how fast the lens opens and closes) – Aperture settings (how wide the lens opens to let in light) – ISO (speed at which the “film” captures an image) Many cameras provide pre-set special image types such as a macro (close-up) setting, a distance setting, or a sports setting © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 26 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Basics (cont.) Shutter speed – Adjust to achieve specific and desired effects Aperture – Changing the aperture settings determines the depth of field – Measured in f-numbers (often referred to as f-stop or f-ratio) ISO – Low ISO settings capture an image sharply with few extra pixels or graininess – High ISO settings work hard to capture an image in low light but the result is an image that has artifacts © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 27 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Exposure Triangle (ISO-Shutter-Aperture) © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 28 accessible website, in whole or in part.  ISO https://photographycourse.net/what-is-iso/ © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 29 accessible website, in whole or in part.  White Balance Light has various color temperatures (measured in Kelvins) White balance means that the camera attempts to make white look truly white without the yellowness of a candle or the blue of an overcast day © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 30 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Maintaining Perspective What are some common challenges faced by people who work in multimedia-related fields? Which of these would you classify as serious problems? Which are simply minor annoyances? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 31 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts Digital cameras fall into two categories: point and shoot and DSLR Some people choose DSLR cameras for high image quality, more adaptability, faster performance, and more manual control Point-and-shoot cameras are generally less expensive, less bulky, and easier to use than DSLR cameras © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 32 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) A wide range of shooting modes on a point-and- shoot camera can help you take better pictures in a bigger variety of situations Cameras measure the possible image size by using megapixels In optical zoom, the camera lens actually moves to magnify a subject; in digital zoom, the image processor crops the area around the subject and uses interpolation to make it appear bigger © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 33 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Most digital cameras save images as JPGs, which are relatively small and easy to use in a variety of settings, but use lossy compression Some cameras offer a raw data file option, which is stable and offers more control over settings, but must be converted before images are editable and usable Digital cameras must be treated carefully to prevent damage and maintain safety © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 34 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Photographic composition requires the photographer to consider the focal point, the rule of thirds, framing, leading lines, and depth Shutter speed, aperture, and ISO determine the way a photograph is captured © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 35 accessible website, in whole or in part.  digital media 4e Chapter 5 Color in Digital Media © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 5.1: Understanding RGB, CMYK, and HSB Lesson 5.2: Recognizing Color Theory Terms and Concepts Lesson 5.3: Using Color Matching Systems © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes 5.1: Understand the difference between RGB, CMYK, and HSB color models 5.2: Specify the appropriate color mode based on output 5.3: Become familiar with basic color terminology 5.4: Identify and use basic color theory to choose colors 5.5: Recognize the advantages of color matching systems © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3 accessible website, in whole or in part.  The RGB Color Model Color model—a group of colors identified in a way that computers can understand Primary colors are basic colors that cannot be created by mixing other colors Mixing two primary colors creates a secondary color © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4 accessible website, in whole or in part.  The RGB Color Model (cont.) Combining three different colors of light at different intensities to produce a whole range of other colors is called additive color mixing The RGB color model uses red, green, and blue primary colors plus different intensities of light to create colors on an electronic display like a computer screen © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 5 accessible website, in whole or in part.  The RGB Color Model (cont.) The RGB triplet is the combination of numbers indicating light intensity for the red, green, and blue primary colors in the RGB color model and representing a certain color within the model © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 6 accessible website, in whole or in part.  The CMYK Color Model Subtractive color mixing is mixing primary pigment colors to absorb different amounts of light and create a range of colors The CMYK color model is based on cyan, magenta, yellow, and black pigments © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 7 accessible website, in whole or in part.  HSB, HSL, and HSV Color Models HSB color model is a color model based on human perception of color that uses hue, saturation, and brightness to define a color – Hue refers to the general color expressed by a value between 0 and 360 degrees – Saturation refers to the intensity of a hue on a scale from 0 to 100% – Brightness is the measure of how light or dark a color is on a scale of 0 to 100% © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 8 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Selecting the Appropriate Color Model Use RGB for projects that will be viewed on an electronic screen such as a website, a slideshow presentation, or a video Use CMYK for any project that is destined to be printed on a commercial press, such as a book, a magazine, a poster, or a brochure © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 9 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Selecting the Appropriate Color Model (cont.) The range of colors that a color model can produce is called a gamut Out of gamut refers to colors that are part of the range of one color model but not another The color mode is a way to indicate to a computer what color model to use when representing colors © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 10 accessible website, in whole or in part.  The Color Wheel and Basic Color Terminology The color wheel is a visual representation of primary, secondary, and tertiary colors The tertiary color is the color created when a primary and a secondary color are mixed Megan Smith-Creed © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 11 accessible website, in whole or in part.  The Color Wheel and Basic Color Terminology (cont.) Colors on a color wheel are referred to as hues Hue is another word for color, and you can use the terms interchangeably Black, white, and gray are not hues in color theory; they are neutral colors © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 12 accessible website, in whole or in part.  The Color Wheel and Basic Color Terminology (cont.) Neutrals are mixed with hues to change the nature of a color – A hue mixed with black creates a shade of that color – A hue mixed with white produces a tint of that color – When gray is mixed with a hue, the result is a tone of that color A range of grays is called grayscale © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 13 accessible website, in whole or in part.  The Color Wheel and Basic Color Terminology (cont.) Hues opposite each other on the color wheel are called complementary colors – In the RGB model, blue and yellow are complementary colors Hues next to each other on a color wheel are called analogous colors – In the RGB model, red and orange are analogous colors © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 14 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Color and Its Meaning Colors can produce different impressions Can vary based on age, gender, culture, and personal experience © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 15 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Color Preferences How do you respond to color? Are you more likely to buy a product because it is a certain color? Does the background color of a website make it more interesting? What makes you choose one color over another? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 16 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Color Themes A color theme is a combination of different hues that work together to create color harmony Color harmony is a cohesive and pleasing combination created by a group of colors It's useful to understand the psychology of each color when creating your brand's identity. – Your color choice can build your brand's aesthetic while also bringing you closer to your target audience. – Use the colors that will highlight your brand's strengths, evoking the right feelings for the right audience. © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 17 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Colours for brand's identity https://digitalsynopsis.com/design/logo-colour-branding-psychology-industry-specific/ © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 18 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Color Themes (cont.) Monochromatic color theme – Includes a single color combined with shades and tints of that color – The most subdued color theme and doesn’t offer a lot of contrast in a design – Is easy to create and can make designs look elegant and calm © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 19 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Color Themes (cont.) Complementary color theme – Includes two colors that sit directly across from one another on a color wheel Jaren Jal Wicklund/Shutterstock.com – Expand a complementary color theme by using different shades, tints, and tones of the two complementary colors – The contrast between complementary colors makes these themes vibrant and gives a sense of excitement to a design – Works best if you choose one main color and use the other color for smaller details © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 20 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Color Themes (cont.) Analogous color theme – Includes colors that are next to one another on a color wheel – Create a sense of calm and unity – Do not have as much contrast as complementary colors Triadic color theme – Includes three evenly separated hues from a color wheel – Can have a lot of contrast and energy © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 21 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Color Themes (cont.) Color theme tools – You can automatically generate color themes using online tools – Adobe Color is a color tool you can use to automatically generate a color theme by selecting a base color and then selecting a color rule such as complementary or triadic © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 22 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Web-Safe Colors Web-safe colors are the 216 colors that all users can see, regardless of their computer displays Because computer video cards are now more powerful and displays using true color (32 bit) or high color (24 bit) are more common, the use of “safe” colors is less of a concern © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 23 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Pantone Matching System In certain situations, it is important that the color on the printed material matches exactly what the designer intended Standardized color systems and associated ink formulations have been developed to identify and label specific colors in the design and printing industry; these are called spot colors https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantone © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 24 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Pantone Matching System (cont.) The most widely known color matching system is the Pantone Matching System (PMS color) – Use a printed PMS swatch book to choose your colors – Because a printer has to add a specific plate to print spot color, it can be expensive © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 25 accessible website, in whole or in part.  De-Stressing Stress can cause your work to suffer You can take your work seriously but not become overly stressed Simple tactics to relieve stress: – Keep your sense of humor – Take a coffee break with a coworker – Go for a walk or listen to music – Stay focused and use your time wisely – Eat right and exercise daily What do you do to relieve stress? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 26 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts The RGB color model uses red, green, and blue and different intensities of light to create colors The CMYK color model uses cyan, magenta, yellow, and black pigments to create a colors for printed output HSB color model is based on human perception of color (hue, saturation, and brightness) The color mode tells the computer which color model data to use to represent colors © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 27 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) The two main color modes are RGB and CMYK – Use RGB mode for projects that will be viewed on a screen – Use CMYK mode for files that will be printed Using a color wheel and understanding concepts like complementary and analogous colors as well as terms like shade, tint, and tone can help you recognize and use color theory in your projects You can use different colors to set different moods in your projects © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 28 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Using color themes such as monochromatic, complementary, analogous, and triadic can create color harmony in your projects Color-matching systems such as Web-safe colors and PMS make it easier to accurately reproduce colors no matter where they are viewed or where they are printed © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 29 accessible website, in whole or in part.  digital media 4e Raster Editing © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 6.1: Becoming Familiar with the Raster Editing Workspace Lesson 6.2: Using Tools to Make Selections Lesson 6.3: Digital Photos: Fixing Common Problems and Enhancing Images Lesson 6.4: Introduction to Layers and Layer Masks © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes 6.1: Be familiar with a basic raster editing workspace and common tools 6.2: Select portions of an image for editing by using selection tools 6.3: Recognize common settings for certain selection tools 6.4: Make and refine selections by using Quick Mask mode 6.5: Adjust levels, brightness, and contrast in photos using curves © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes (cont.) 6.6: Use a cropping tool to adjust photo composition 6.7: Edit a photo by using retouch tools 6.8: Understand the usefulness of layers and layer masks in nondestructive editing 6.9: Use layers and layer masks to edit digital images 6.10: Manage file size in files with multiple layers © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Navigation Tools A zoom tool is a A hand tool is a navigation tool that navigation tool that magnifies or reduces the moves an image around view of an image in a viewing area © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 5 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Foreground and Background Color The foreground color appears when you paint, draw, or fill in part of an image The background color appears when you select and delete an area of an image on the background layer; the color “behind” a raster image © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 6 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Using Tools to Make Selections Use a selection tool to select a portion of a raster image A moving dashed line, “marching ants,” surrounds a selected area You can use other tools and features to make changes to a selected area © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 7 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Photoshop Selection Tools © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 8 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Photoshop Selection Tools (cont.) To select with a marquee tool, click the tool and then click and drag around the item you wish to select To select an irregularly-shaped item, you can: – Use the Lasso tool to draw freehand around the item – Make the selection using the Magic Wand, Magnetic Lasso, or Quick Selection tool Cancel a selection by clicking Deselect on the Select menu or by using keyboard shortcuts: Ctrl + D (PC) or Cmd + D (Mac) © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 9 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Selection Settings Anti-aliasing and feathering – Anti-aliasing softens hard edges of a selection by adjusting color of pixels along the outside edge – Feathering softens hard Susan Lake edges of a selection by adding a border along the outer edge that gradually fades into the background © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 10 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Selection Settings (cont.) Magic Wand tool settings – Tolerance determines the range of pixels affected by a raster editing tool’s action – Contiguous refers to pixels that “touch”; if the contiguous setting is selected, only pixels that are touching will be included in the selection © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 11 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Quick Mask Mode Quick masks enable you to make and refine selections using the Brush tool When you make a selection, you are essentially protecting the unselected area of the image from any changes you make to the selected area inside the marching ants © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 12 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Quick Mask Mode (cont.) Click the Quick Mask mode icon on the Tools panel to display a ruby- colored overlay over the entire image except the selected area Edward Skintik Quick Mask mode is useful for refining a selection of an irregular shape in an image © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 13 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Adjusting Brightness and Contrast Use the Curves panel to adjust – Highlights—the lightest part of an image – Shadows—the darkest part of an image – Midtones—the middle range of an image © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 14 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Cropping You can use the cropping tool in raster editing software to achieve good composition By default, Photoshop Emma Skintik displays a rule of thirds grid when you choose to crop © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 15 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Using Retouch Tools Raster editing software features retouch tools that enable you to alter the content of an image © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 16 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Retouch Ethics Is it ethical to drastically change a person’s or product’s appearance for marketing purposes? What about using photo editing tools to enhance your profile picture on a social networking site? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 17 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Understanding Layers Layers are the digital version of a stack of clear plastic sheets New documents begin with a single layer Add layers to – Combine and overlap multiple images – Draw vector shapes on a raster image – Add text to an image – Change the order of overlapping items – Adjust the position of different elements – Apply special effects and filters © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 18 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Understanding Layers (cont.) A significant advantage of layers is that they enable the user to edit an image without changing its pixels Editing without altering an image’s pixels is called nondestructive editing © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 19 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Background and Normal Layers A new document begins with a single background layer A background layer is always at the bottom of the layer stack and cannot be renamed, moved, or deleted or contain any transparency © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 20 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Basic Layer Actions © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 21 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Layer Styles and Adjustment Layers Name layers using logical and understandable names You can add color and other details to layers You can add special effects to a layer To change an adjustment, click the adjustment layer in the Layers panel and make changes in the Adjustments panel © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 22 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Understanding Layer Masks Layer transparency can vary from completely see- through (0%) to completely solid (100%) Layer transparency is applied to everything on the layer equally A layer mask enables you to control what is visible on a layer Use a mask in combination with an adjustment layer to apply an effect to only a specific area of a layer © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 23 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Layers and Layer Masks in Action Original image set as the background layer Edward Skintik © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 24 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Layers and Layer Masks in Action (cont.) Use the Quick Selection tool to select the flower Add a Vibrance adjustment layer and modify settings to increase vibrance and saturation Edward Skintik © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 25 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Layers and Layer Masks in Action (cont.) Add a text box to the image and insert text on the text layer Apply a layer style to the text layer Edward Skintik © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 26 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Layers and Layer Masks in Action (cont.) Duplicate the Background layer and hide the original Background layer Use retouch tools to remove the shadow of the stamen on the flower Edward Skintik © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 27 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Layers, File Size, and File Format If you save a layered image in a file format that is native to the image editing software, the layers will remain available to you even after you have closed the file If you save your image as a JPG or other nonnative file format, the layers will be merged into a single image and you will no longer be able to edit them individually © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 28 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Layers, File Size, and File Format (cont.) Layers contribute to large file sizes, so the benefit of merging multiple layers into a single layer is a smaller file To flatten is to merge multiple layers into a single layer Flattening can reduce file size, but should only be done after all editing is complete and is best done on a copy of the original file © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 29 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts Many raster editing programs have similar workspaces and basic tools For certain tasks, you must first select a specific area to edit by using a selection tool or feature Some selection tools include settings such as anti- aliasing, feathering, tolerance, and contiguous options to enhance the effect or precision of a selection Quick Mask mode helps you refine a selection You can adjust levels, brightness, and contrast in photos using curves © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 30 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) A cropping tool in a raster editing program can help improve photo composition Retouch tools make it possible to alter large and small imperfections in an image One of the most important uses of layers and layer masks is nondestructive editing Since layers add to file size, you can choose to flatten the layers into one layer © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 31 accessible website, in whole or in part. Vector Graphics  Introduction Vector graphics provide an elegant way of constructing digital images – compact, scaleable, resolution-independent, and easy to edit Attractive for networked MM (vs bitmap images) Images are build up using shapes that can easily be described mathemathically Coordinates and Vectors  Cont. The term vector graphics was originally used to refer to the production images on output devices where the position of the electron beam of the CRT was controlled directly by setting its (x,y) coordinates. By changing the coordinates values, the beam was made to trace out vectors. A coordinate system allow us to identify points in space.  Anti-aliasing The process of rendering a vector object to produce an image made up using pixels can usefully be considered as a form of sampling and reconstruction. Jaggies are form of alising caused by under sampling. To reduce its impact : anti- aliasing technique is employed  Shapes Usually the repertoire of shapes is restricted to rectangles and squares, ellipses and circles, straight line, polygons, and a class of smooth curves. These shapes can be filled with color, pattern or gradients. A good way of appreciating the potential and limitation of vector graphics is by looking at the capabilities of the drawing program/software.  Curves A Bezier curve 3D graphics Examples of 3D graphics