Toronto Fire Services Training Note 101.1.5 PDF, January 2022

Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note FROM: Fire Chief EFFECTIVE DATE: January 11, 2022 FILE IN TFS TRAINING MANUAL UNDER: GROUP: 100 Firefighting Knowledge and Skills SECTION: 101 Buildings SUB-SECTION: 101.1 High-Rise Buildings UNIT: 101.1.5 Standpipe Operations TABLE OF CONTENTS...

Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note FROM: Fire Chief EFFECTIVE DATE: January 11, 2022 FILE IN TFS TRAINING MANUAL UNDER: GROUP: 100 Firefighting Knowledge and Skills SECTION: 101 Buildings SUB-SECTION: 101.1 High-Rise Buildings UNIT: 101.1.5 Standpipe Operations TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 3 4 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 6 6.1 6.2 7 7.1 7.2 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................... 3 TYPES OF SYSTEMS.................................................................................. 3 Class 1 System............................................................................................ 3 Class 2 System............................................................................................ 4 Class 3 System............................................................................................ 4 PRESSURE RESTRICTING DEVICES (PRD).............................................. 4 PRESSURE REDUCING VALVES (PRV)..................................................... 5 STANDPIPE EQUIPMENT & HOW TO CONNECT TO STANDPIPE.......... 6 Standpipe Kit and Hose Packs................................................................... 7 Connecting to the Standpipe..................................................................... 7 Class 1 Standpipe....................................................................................... 8 Class 2 Standpipe....................................................................................... 9 Class 3 Standpipe..................................................................................... 10 Standpipe Hose Deployment.................................................................... 12 FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION (FDC).............................................. 12 Supplying the Fire Department Connection (FDC)................................. 13 Testing the Fire Department Connection (FDC)..................................... 14 TROUBLESHOOTING FDC PROBLEMS.................................................. 15 Clogged Connection................................................................................. 15 Seized Cap................................................................................................. 16 Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 1 of 20 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 Seized Female Swivels............................................................................. 16 Missing Clapper Valve.............................................................................. 17 Inoperable or Damaged FDC.................................................................... 17 PRV Equipped Buildings.......................................................................... 18 PRD Equipped Buildings.......................................................................... 19 Drained Standpipe System....................................................................... 19 CATASTROPHIC FAILURE OF THE STANDPIPE SYSTEM.................... 19 Improvised Interior Standpipe................................................................. 20 Improvised Exterior Standpipe................................................................ 20 Utilizing an Aerial Device.......................................................................... 20 Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 2 of 20 1 INTRODUCTION Fires that occur in high-rise buildings, low-rise buildings, tunnels and other occupancies equipped with standpipe systems are high risk events. Firefighters must have a thoroughunderstanding of standpipe systems to effectively operate at fires. A standpipe system is defined in NFPA 14 as: “An arrangement of piping, valves, hose connections, and allied equipment installed in a building or structure, with the hose connections located in such a manner that water can be discharged in streams through attached hose and nozzles, for the purposes of extinguishing a fire, thereby protecting abuilding or structure and its contents in addition to protecting the occupants. This is accomplished by means of connections to water supply systems or by means of pump tanks and other equipment necessary to provide an adequate supply of water to the hoseconnections” For firefighters, a standpipe system is simply a water supply system used for fire suppression. This Training Note covers:     2 Different components of the standpipe system Codes and standards that affect fire suppression Classes of standpipe systems How to overcome problems that may arise within the system TYPES OF STANDPIPE SYSTEMS The class of standpipe system is a consideration for the Incident Commander (IC) when forming an Incident Action Plan. 2.1 Class 1 Standpipe System Characteristics: Required by NFPA 14 to deliver a minimum rated flow of 1892 L/min at the two uppermost or hydraulically most remote outlets at 450 kPa residual pressure pre-1993 and 700 kPa residual pressure post-1993  Buildings in Ontario do not have to adhere to NFPA and may only supply the minimum pressure requirement of 450 kPa and Deliver 30 litres per second (1800 L/min) as per the Ontario Building Code (OBC)  65mm hose connection at standpipe, not equipped with hose  Primarily located in stairwells. (May also be found in hallways, lobbies, etc.)  Equipped with an FDC and fire pump Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 3 of 20 2.2 Class 2 Standpipe System Characteristics:  Required by NFPA 14 to deliver a minimum rated flow of 380 L/min at the two uppermost or hydraulically most remote outlets at 450 kPa residual pressure pre-1993 and 700 kPa residual pressure post-1993  38mm hose connection at standpipe equipped with hose  Structure may not have a fire pump.  Typically fed by domestic city water pressure.  May not have an FDC 2.3 Class 3 Standpipe System Characteristics:  Required by NFPA 14 to deliver a minimum rated flow of 1892 L/min at the two uppermost or hydraulically most remote outlets at 450 kPa residual pressure pre-1993 and 700 kPa residual pressure post-1993  Buildings in Ontario do not have to adhere to NFPA and may only supply the minimum requirement of 450 kPa and deliver 30 litres per second (1800 L/min) as per Ontario Building Code  Both 38mm and 65mm hose connections at standpipe. 38mm outlet is equipped with hose CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3 WARNING: DO NOT utilize the light-weight single jacket hose and nozzle present in Class 2 and 3 systems. This hose has repeatedly proven to be unreliable and is for occupant use only. Using it jeopardizes the safety and efficiency of the fire attack team. TFS personnel shall only use TFS hose lines and nozzles. 3 PRESSURE RESTRICTING DEVICES (PRD) A PRD is a device designed for the purpose of reducing, regulating and controlling or restricting water pressure. PRDs reduce pressures in flowing conditions only. These devices operate in a manner similar to a pump operator gating down at the pump Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 4 of 20 panel. PRDs do not compensate for changes in input pressure to maintain a constant discharge pressure and they do not control pressure in static conditions. PRDs are installed when pressures exceed 690 kPa but do not exceed 1225 kPa. Most PRDs can be removed. Removal of these devices, if possible, ensures the valve can be fully opened to provide the maximum flow and pressure available in the system. If PRDs are not removed, available pressure and water volume may be inadequate for a safe and efficient hose stream. PRD Examples Orifice Plate Limiting May be brazed into place and cannot be removed Can be removed with an Allen wrench or broken off Mechanical PRD Limiting Clip can be easily removed by hand Inside of PRD Can be removed from system by hand 4 PRESSURE REDUCING VALVES (PRV) A PRV is a valve designed to actively regulate outlet pressures in both static and flowing conditions. Based on NFPA 14 recommendations, they are required for outlets where static pressures exceed 1225 kPa. Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 5 of 20 PRVs cannot be removed. Some PRVs are factory pre-set and cannot be adjusted whileother PRVs can be adjusted with the proper tools. Two terms that can be applied to thesevalves are Field Adjustable and Fireground Adjustable. Field Adjustable valves may prove difficult to adjust during an incident. Fireground adjustable refers to PRVs that can be easily adjusted. Tools to adjust these valves may be found in the CACF room. PRV Examples Field Adjustable Field Adjustable 5 Field Adjustable Fireground Adjustable Requires at least 75 lbs of Torque to adjust Requires less than 15 lbs of torque to adjust STANDPIPE EQUIPMENT & HOW TO CONNECT TO STANDPIPE NFPA requires building standpipe systems prior to 1993 to deliver a minimum residual pressure of 450 kPa at the uppermost or hydraulically most remote hose cabinet. Post 1993 building standpipe systems require a minimum of 700 kPa. Ontario Building Code only requires the minimum 450 kPa residual pressure. Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 6 of 20 Firefighters will NOT know what pressure they will encounter upon arrival. The standard for high rise firefighting (NFPA 1710 5.2.4.4) requires two separate hose lines flowing a minimum of 1892 L/min on the fire floor and 946 L/min on the floor above the fire. 5.1 Standpipe Kit and Hose Packs ***See Equipment Note 805.1 Apparatus at a high-rise incident or standpipe operation will carry the following:  Three 15m (50 foot) 65mm Hose Packs consisting of: o Two 15m (50 foot) supply sections o One 15m (50 foot) nozzle section equipped with a 1003 L/min @ 350 kPa smooth bore nozzle  Standpipe Kit (Elkhart Brass Bag) o 65mm In-Line Pressure Gauge o 65mm (forty five degree) elbow with drain o 65mm (sixty degree) yellow elbow o 38mm (sixty degree) green elbow o Two hose spanners o 18” Aluminum Pipe Wrench o Two 2” Spring Clamps o 3mm T-handle Allen key o Two 38mm female to 65mm male Increasers o 22 feet of webbing tied into a loop with a water knot o 65mm Gate Valve 5.2 Connecting to the Standpipe System NOTE: All standpipe valve outlets shall be fully opened. PRVs must be fully opened to operate properly and achieve proper flow rates. PRDs must be removed to operate properly and achieve proper flow rates. Once the standpipe location has been determined, the 65mm Hose Packs and Standpipe Kit can be connected Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 7 of 20 5.2.1 Class 1 Standpipe System a. Remove the 65mm cap from the outlet and remove any debris b. Attach the 65mm (sixty degree) yellow elbow. Attaching the yellow elbow first is the preferred method as it provides clearance to assist in bringing the connection out of the standpipe cabinet (generally this is not an issue as the connection is made in a stairwell with no cabinet present) to reduce the profile and aim the hose in the direction of the stretch c. Attach the 65mm Gate Valve andthe 65mm In-Line Pressure Gauge d. Attach the 65mm (forty five degree) elbow with drain.  The 65mm (forty five degree) elbow with drain MUST be used after the Gate Valve and In-Line Pressure Gauge in the event the hose is caught under a door or railing. This enables pressure to be relieved, ensuring the hose may be removed from under the door or railing without having to loosen all the connections e. Attach the 65mm hose to the 65mm (forty five degree) elbow with drain. Normal (threaded) Locate Standpipe and remove 65mm outlet cap PRV (smooth) Inspect outlet for debris and determine the valve type Attach the 65mm Gate Valve and the 65mm In-Line Pressure Gauge. The yellow 65mm (sixty degree) yellow elbow may be placed before or after the Gate Valve Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 8 of 20 5.2.2 Class 2 Standpipe System a. Remove the 38mm hose from the outlet and remove any debris b. Attach the 38mm female to 65mm male Increaser followed by the 65mm (sixty degree) yellow elbow (preferred method)  If the outlet does not allow clearance for the increaser due to proximity to the cabinet wall, connect the 38mm (sixty degree) green elbow  Connect the 38mm female to 65mm male Increaser c. Attach the 65mm Gate Valve and the 65mm In-Line Pressure Gauge d. Attach the 65mm (forty five degree) elbow with drain.  The 65mm (forty five degree) elbow with drain MUST be used after the Gate Valve and In-Line Pressure Gauge in the event the hose is caught under a door or railing. This enables pressure to be relieved, ensuring the hose may be removed from under the door or railing without having to loosen all the connections e. Attach the 65mm hose to the 65mm (forty five degree) elbow with drain. Locate Standpipe and remove 38mm hose Attach 38mm to 65mm adaptor (increaser) if possible Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 9 of 20 If increaser and/or yellow elbow cannot be attached use the 38mm (sixty degree) green elbow Attach the 65mm Gate Valve and the 65mm In-Line Pressure Gauge. The yellow 65mm (sixty degree) yellow elbow may be placed before or after the Gate Valve 5.2.3 Class 3 Standpipe System a. Remove the 65mm cap from the outlet and remove any debris b. Attach the 65mm (sixty degree) yellow elbow. Attaching the yellow elbow first is the preferred method as it provides clearance to assist in bringing the connection out of the standpipe cabinet, to reduce the profile and aim the hose in the direction of the stretch c. Attach the 65mm Gate Valve andthe 65mm In-Line Pressure Gauge d. Attach the 65mm (forty five degree) elbow with drain.  The 65mm (forty five degree) elbow with drain MUST be used after the Gate Valve and In-Line Pressure Gauge in the event the hose is caught under a door or railing. This enables pressure to be relieved, ensuring the Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 10 of 20 hose may be removed from under the door or railing without having to loosen all the connections e. Attach the 65mm hose to the 65mm (forty five degree) elbow with drain Normal (threaded) Locate standpipe and remove cap of the 65mm outlet PRV (smooth) Inspect outlet for debris and determine the valve type Attach the 65mm Gate Valve andthe 65mm In-Line Pressure Gauge. The yellow 65mm (sixty degree) yellow elbow may be placed before or after the Gate Valve A second 65mm line can be attached to the 38mm outlet. Refer to connecting to a Class 2 standpipe system Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 11 of 20 5.2.4 Standpipe Hose Deployment a. Utilize the appropriate hose stretch as per TN 106.22 Standpipe Hose Deployment. This may be a Hallway stretch or Stairwell stretch. b. Water must be flowing in order to achieve the proper operating pressure for the attack line. With the bale of the nozzle in the fully open position, the firefighter operating the 65mm Gate Valve will adjust the opening until proper pressures are achieved. Water can be flowed in the hallway (away from elevator banks) or into the stairwell while setting pressures. The pressures needed to achieve proper flow rates (nozzle bale MUST be fully open) are:     6 2 lengths of 65mm hose on the fire floor: 450 kPa 3 lengths of 65mm hose from the floor below the fire floor: 535 kPa 4 lengths of 65mm hose from the floor below the fire: 585 kPa Friction loss values used to calculate the values above: o 50 kPa per 15m length o 350 kPa nozzle pressure o 35 kPa per floor FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION (FDC) FDCs are typically found on, or around, the exteriors of buildings that are equipped with standpipe systems (buildings equipped with Class 2 standpipe systems may not have an FDC). FDCs have two 65mm female swivel connections which are sometimes referred to as a ‘Siamese’ connection. Multiple FDCs may be encountered, but they should be labelled as to whether they support the standpipe system, or the sprinkler system. Some buildings may only have one FDC that supports both the standpipe and sprinkler systems. The FDC is required to be located within 45m of a hydrant and must have an unobstructed view to the hydrant. TFS connects into the FDC at every confirmed fire. This task is critical because it allows firefighters to pump into the buildings standpipe system. Should the building fire pump fail, firefighters can supply the building via the FDC. Be aware that when the hose lines to the FDC are charged, water is not automatically flowing into the building. Building fire pumps can run at high pressures that TFS apparatus may not be able to overcome. When pumping into an FDC or an interior standpipe connection at a lower pressure than the building fire pump is producing, the water will remain static in the hose line Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 12 of 20 and may cause the apparatus fire pump to overheat since there is no water flowing. Tall buildings also present problems when supplying FDCs, as TFS apparatus may not be able to pump the pressures required to reach upper floors due to elevation loss and excessive head pressure. When pumping into an FDC, the apparatus fire pump pressures must exceed the building’s fire pump pressure, which is found labelled on the building fire pump or on signage in the building fire pump room. Crews are heavily reliant on the building systems because of the 1400 kPa maximum apparatus pump pressure allowed when pumping into an FDC and because of the installation of PRVs in standpipe systems. 6.1 Supplying the Fire Department Connection (FDC) NOTE: The decision to charge the FDC at 1400 kPa shall remain the decision of the IC. All FDCs, whether standpipe or sprinkler, shall be connected to at a confirmed fire. There is a certain order to follow when completing this task. a. Firefighters must first remove the caps covering the connections.   Many FDCs are equipped with either metallic or plastic vandal proof caps. Both metal and plastic caps are removed by striking the center of the cap with a tool. These caps can also be removed with a prying tool. Some FDCs are equipped with threaded caps that are prone to seizing in the female swivels. Two hose keys are required to remove these caps. b. Check the inside of the FDC or interior standpipe connection anytime you are connecting hose lines. Remove any debris that may clog the system. c. Check for a properly operating clapper valve to ensure that water will not flow out of the system  If only one side of the FDC is charged initially, a Gate Valve must be Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 13 of 20 connected to the other inlet. This will ensure that the next line can be connected. If the clapper valve is missing or is damaged and it leaks, it may prevent the removal of a cap due to pressure from the apparatus fire pump and the ability to connect a second line or a substantial water leak may occur from the unconnected side if it is a metallic or plastic cap d. The first line shall be hooked into the left side of the FDC standpipe connection.  This will allow pump operators to immediately supply attack hose lines, in case of a fire pump failure or a low-pressure situation. e. The second line should hook into the left side of the FDC sprinkler connection, if separate. f. If the sprinkler FDC is separate, the third line will connect into the standpipe FDC on the right. g. Finally, the fourth line will connect into the final sprinkler inlet  Priority is given to the standpipe FDC to ensure safety for crews operating attack hose lines. Pump operators shall position the apparatus as close to the FDC as possible. Being within one length of hose (15m) is preferable. This ensures friction loss is kept to a minimum. To maximize hydrant water supply, another apparatus equipped with a pump can be positioned at the hydrant and supply the apparatus connected to the FDC. Pump operators must supply the standpipe FDC with a maximum of 1400 kPa (200 psi). Hydraulic calculations are no longer required. Proper operating pressures for hoselines are set by firefighters at the standpipe outlet using the 65mm Gate Valve and In-Line Pressure Gauge. Pump operators must supply the sprinkler FDC with a maximum of 1050 kPa (150 psi).Excessive pressures may cause sprinkler heads to fail. In the event you have a combination system (one FDC supplying both standpipe and sprinkler) pump operators must supply the FDC with a maximum of 1400 kPa (200 psi).A PRV protects the sprinkler system from over pressurization. 6.2 Testing the Fire Department Connection (FDC) At a confirmed fire, the FDC shall be tested. If the building fire pump fails, crews do not want to play catch up. The FDC will be tested by flowing water into it at Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 14 of 20 hydrant pressure only. This will allow pump operators to determine if there are any issues with the system (leaks, broken pipes, drained system etc.). When hose lines are fully charged and water is supplied to the system at hydrant pressure, the water should remain static in the hose. Pump operators must close the gate(s) to the line(s) feeding the FDC and observe the gauge(s). If there is a drop in pressure indicated on the gauge(s), there is a problem within the system. Check the hose lines and connections to ensure they are tight, and no leaks are present. If hose connections are tight but the pressure keeps dropping on the gauge, this identifies;  A leak in the FDC dry piping, which can be corrected by making a separate connection somewhere else in the system (i.e. first floor standpipe cabinet, other FDC, etc.)  The pressure in the standpipe system is lower than the hydrant pressure indicating a failed fire pump in the building or a fire pump that has been shut down. This low-pressure situation can be confirmed by interior crews using the In-Line Pressure Gauge or sending a firefighter to the fire pump room to troubleshoot.  There are leaks within the building standpipe system (i.e. standpipe outlets are open in the building, building has been drained of water etc.) NOTE: The decision to charge the FDC at 1400 kPa shall remain the decision of the IC. 7 TROUBLESHOOTING FDC PROBLEMS There are several ways an FDC can prevent crews from connecting hose lines. The following are some problems crews may encounter and how to overcome them. 7.1 Clogged Connection Debris can be found inside the FDC and shall be removed prior to connecting hose lines. Garbage, pop cans, hypodermic needles etc. can be found and can present a safety concern as well as a water flow/pressure problem. The clogged Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 15 of 20 connection can be cleared using needle nose pliers or a similar tool to avoid sharps or biohazardous materials contacting firefighters. 7.2 Seized Cap If one threaded cap is seized, utilize the other connection. For additional volume, another hose line may be connected to an interior standpipe valve (non PRV) 65mm connection on the main floor, using a Double Female adapter. Typically, this connection may be in a stairwell (Class 1) or a hallway hose cabinet (Class 2 or 3). If connecting to a Class 2 system, crews must utilize a 38mm female to 65mm male Increaser and 65mm (sixty degree) yellow elbow. If there are clearance issues within the cabinet and the 38mm female to 65mm male Increaser will not connect due to proximity to the cabinet wall, connect the 38mm (sixty degree) green elbow and then connect the 38mm female to 65mm male Increaser 7.3 Seized Female Swivels A seized female swivel can present connection issues. One method of connecting to a seized swivel, is to utilize a Double Male and a Double Female which allows the connection to be made. Another method of overcoming this obstacle is to twist the hose counterclockwise prior to connecting, the hose will untwist as you connect to the FDC. Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 16 of 20 7.4 Missing Clapper Valve If the clapper valve is missing, use a hydrant gate on the second inlet. This allows crews to connect one hose line and pressurize the system, while still having the ability to connect a second hose line later. 7.5 Inoperable or Damaged FDC There may be times where the FDC is inoperable (damaged, missing threads or two seized caps). It will be necessary to connect supply lines to an interior standpipe connection (non PRV only). Typically, that connection may be in a stairwell (Class 1), or a hallway hose cabinet (Class 2 or 3). When connecting to an interior standpipe, a Double Female adapter will also be required to make the connection. A 65mm (sixty degree) yellow elbow may aid in the connection as it enables the hose connection to be made outside of the cabinet. When connecting to a Class 2 system, crews must also utilize a 38mm female to 65mm male Increaser and 65mm (sixty degree) yellow elbow and then connect the 65mm Double Female. If there are clearance issues within the cabinet and the 38mm female to 65mm male Increaser will not connect due to proximity to the cabinet wall, connect the 38mm (sixty degree) green elbow and then connect the 38mm female to 65mm male Increaser and a 65mm Double Female. When supplying an interior standpipe, hydrant pressure will be supplied to the standpipe valve before it is opened to prevent backflow. After the valve is opened fully, pressure can be increased. Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 17 of 20 Normal (threaded) Locate Standpipe and remove 65mm outlet cap PRV (smooth) Inspect outlet for debris and determine the valve type (CANNOT pump into PRV) Attaching a Double Female directly to 65mm standpipe outlet or using a 65mm (60 degree) elbow to connect the 65mm hose line An 18” pipe wrench may be needed to open the valve. 7.6 PRV Equipped Buildings If a building is equipped with a PRV, it will act as a one-way check valve and not allow water to be pumped into it. Improvised standpipes will have to be used to supply water to upper floors. Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 18 of 20 Cut out of PRV 7.7 PRV (Smooth Shaft) Non-PRV (Threaded Shaft) PRD Equipped Buildings PRDs that are encountered must be removed so that the valve can be fully opened when pumping into it, so maximum volume can be obtained. 7.8 Drained Standpipe System There may be times where the standpipe system within a structure has been drained or is found to be empty. If the standpipe system has been drained completely, fill times may be excessive, and crews may have to utilize an improvised standpipe system. NOTE: This is not to be confused with a dry system which is designed to be filled quickly (e.g. TTC or a parking garage) 8 CATASTROPHIC FAILURE OF THE STANDPIPE SYSTEM In the event of a failure in a standpipe system, there are a few methods to achieve a water supply to upper floors by utilizing an improvised standpipe. This improvised Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 19 of 20 standpipe shall be pumped at the same pressure as an FDC (1400 kPa). Firefighters will set pressures as per 5.2.4 Standpipe Hose Deployment above. 8.1 Improvised Interior Standpipe One length of hose stretches 15m (50 ft) vertically, which can cover multiple floors in both residential and commercial occupancies. Generally, one length of hose should cover five floors for a residential occupancy, and four floors for a commercial occupancy. An interior standpipe would consist of hose being extended or lowered down the middle (well) of a stairwell or laid out on the stairs if no well is available. When hose is extended up or lowered down the well, essentially a standpipe has been created. This hose must be tied off and hose protection (hose roller) should be a consideration. Hose laid out on the stairs will not reach as far as hose extended up or lowered down the well. TFS 65mm Hose Packs and Standpipe Kits can now be connected to the improvised standpipe hose, and the system charged. 8.2 Improvised Exterior Standpipe One length of hose stretches 15m (50 ft) vertically, which can cover multiple floors in both residential and commercial occupancies. Generally, one length of hose should cover five floors for a residential occupancy, and four floors for a commercial occupancy. Once hose is extended to an upper floor, or lowered from an upper floor, essentially a standpipe has been created. This hose must be tied off and edge protection (hose roller) should be a consideration. TFS 65mm Hose Packs and Standpipe Kits can now be connected to the improvised standpipe hose, and the system charged. 8.3 Utilizing an Aerial Device An aerial device may be raised to an upper floor and used as an exterior standpipe but is limited by the effective reach of the aerial and layout of the building. Methods for utilizing an aerial device as an improvised standpipe are:    Hose can be tied off in a figure eight and extended up the rungs of the aerial device and over the tip into the building Some TFS aerials are equipped with a manifold that has a 65mm outlet to connect hose lines All TFS aerial towers are equipped with a manifold that has a 65mm outlet to connect hose lines Toronto Fire Services Training & Technical Operations Division Training Note: 101.1.5 Effective Date: January 11, 2022 Page 20 of 20