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Female Reproductive System The female reproductive organs are composed form External genitilia Enternal genital organs External genitalia  Vulva Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Vestibule Clitoris Greater vestibular glands Internal genital organs Vagina Uter...

Female Reproductive System The female reproductive organs are composed form External genitilia Enternal genital organs External genitalia  Vulva Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Vestibule Clitoris Greater vestibular glands Internal genital organs Vagina Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovaries External genetalia  vulva—which runs from the pubic area downward to the rectum.  Mons pubis or "mound of Venus" is the V-shaped area covered with hair  Labia majora or "greater lips" are the part around the vagina containing two glands (Bartholin’s glands)which helps lubrication during intercourse. Male Homolog = scrotum  Labia minora or "lesser lips" are the thin hairless ridges at the entrance of the vagina, which joins behind and in front. In front they split to enclose the clitoris  The clitoris is a small pea-shaped structure (equivalent to penis in males ) It plays an important part in sexual excitement in females. Male Homolog = penis External genetalia  The urethral orifice or external urinary opening is below the clitoris on the upper wall of the vagina and is the passage for urine  The introitus or opening of the vagina is separate from the urinary opening (unlike males) and located below it.  The hymen is a thin cresentic fold of tissue which partially covers the opening of the vagina. medically it is no longer considered to be a 100% proof of female virginity. glands  Lesser Vestibular (Paraurethral, Skene's) Male Homolog = located on the upper wall of the vagina, around prostate the lower end of the urethra. They drain into the urethra and near the urethral opening Function - mucus production to aid lubrication during intercourse  Greater Vestibular (Bartholin's) Male Homolog = bulbourethral glands located slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina. They secrete mucus to provide lubrication, especially when the woman is sexually aroused Major Organs  Ovaries [ gonads]  Uterine tubes [ fallopian tubes]  Uterus  Vagina  Accessory glands  External genitalia  Breasts ovaries  Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. In young women the ovaries are about 1½ - 2 inches long, 1 inch wide & 1/3 inch thick. After menopause they tend to shrink.  they produce eggs (also called ova) every female is born with a lifetime supply of eggs  they also produce hormones: Estrogen & Progesterone Male Homolog = testes fallopian tubes [uterine tubes]  stretch from the uterus to the ovaries and measure about 8 to 13 cm in length.  range in width from about one inch at the end next to the ovary, to the diameter of a strand of thin spaghetti.  The ends of the fallopian tubes lying next to the ovaries feather into ends called fimbria  Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria and interior of the fallopian tubes. The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second catching the egg at ovulation and moving it through the tube to the uterine cavity.  Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube uterus  pear-shaped muscular organ in the upper female reproductive tract.  The fundus is the upper portion of the uterus where pregnancy occurs.  The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus that connects with the vagina and serves as a sphincter to keep the uterus closed during pregnancy until it is time to deliver a baby.  the uterus expands considerably during the reproductive process. the organ grows to from 10 to 20 times its normal size during pregnancy. uterus  The main body consists of a firm outer coat of muscle (myometrium) and an inner lining of vascular, glandular material (endometrium).  The endometrium thickens during the menstrual cycle to allow implantation of a fertilized egg.  Pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg implants successfully into the endometrial lining. If fertilization does not occur, the endometrium sloughs off and is expelled as menstrual flow. The Cervix
 the lower portion or neck of the uterus.  The cervix is lined with mucus, the quality and quantity of which is governed by monthly fluctuations in the levels of the estrogen and progesterone.  When estrogen levels are low, the mucus tends to be thick and sparse, hindering sperm from reaching the fallopian tubes. But when an egg is ready for fertilization, estrogen levels are high, the mucus then becomes thin and slippery, offering a “friendly environment” to sperm  at the end of pregnancy, the cervix acts as the passage through which the baby exits the uterus into the vagina. The cervical canal expands to roughly 50 times its normal width in order to accommodate the passage of the baby during birth The Vagina  vagin = sheath  a muscular, ridged sheath connecting the external genitals to the uterus.  functions as a two-way street, accepting the penis and sperm during intercourse and roughly nine months later, serving as the avenue of birth through which the new baby enters the world The pelvic diaphragm:  Is formed by the levator ani muscles. The two muscles, one on either side. The muscle is described in two parts: The pubococcygcus. The iliococcygeus. Urogenital diaphragm:  The urogenital diaphragm (triangular ligament) lies below the levator ani The perineal body:  This is the perineal mass of muscular tissue that lies between the anal canal and the lower third of the vagina. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Supports of the internal genital organs The ovarian ligament: passes from the medial pole of the ovary to the uterus The round ligament: is the continuation of the ovarian ligament The cardinal ligaments (transverse cervical ligaments): Provide the essential support of the uterus and vaginal vault. These are two strong, fen-shaped, fibromuscular expansions that pass from the cervix and vaginal vault to the side wall of the pelvis on either side. The uterosacral ligaments: run from the cervix and vaginal vault to the sacrum. Arteries supplying the pelvic organs:- The ovarian artery:It arises from the aorta just below the renal artery. The superior rectal artery: Is the continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery The internal iliac (hypogastric) artery:- begins at the bifurcation of the common iliac artery in front of the sacroiliac joint. The uterine artery : provides the main blood supply to the uterus. The artery crosses above the ureter, at a distance of about 2 cm from the uterus, at the level of the internal OS. The vaginal artery is supplying the vagina. The pudendal artery : It leaves the pelvic cavity through the sciatic foramen The pelvic veins  Venous drainage from the uterine, vaginal and vesical plexuses of veins is chiefly into the internal iliac veins.  The pelvic lymphatics driange is shown in the following figure Nerves of the pelvis The pudendal nerve The ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  Nerve supply of the pelvic viscera:  Nerve fibres of the pre-aortic plexus of the sympathetic nervous system of the superior hypogastric plexus.  Parasympathetic fibres from the second, third and fourth sacral nerves.  Thank you