TLE8-Robotics-Module 1.pptx

Module I INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER  Learning Outcomes Understand the fundamentalparts, concepts, components, and functions of the Arduino microcontroller. Demonstrate the ability to set up, connect, and program the Arduino microcontroller with various input and output de...

Module I INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER  Learning Outcomes Understand the fundamentalparts, concepts, components, and functions of the Arduino microcontroller. Demonstrate the ability to set up, connect, and program the Arduino microcontroller with various input and output devices. Apply Arduino-based solutions to solve real- world problems using appropriate hardware and programming techniques. Arduino 1 Introduction The Arduino Microcontroller serves as the heart of many innovative projects in electronics and robotics. It is a versatile and user-friendly platform that allows students, hobbyists, and professionals alike to build interactive systems that can sense and controlthe physicalworld. Understanding the Arduinoecosystem involves becoming familiar withthe varioushardware components, development environments, and programming tools that make it possible to bring ideas to life. In this lesson we will learn about the different components on the Arduino board. We will study the Arduino UNO board because it is the most popular board in the Arduino board family. In addition, it is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. Some boards look a bit different from the one given below, but most Arduinos have majority of these components in common.  Introduction to Arduino Microcontroller What is Arduino? Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. The heart of the platform is a microcontroller, a small computer on a single integrated circuit that can be programmed to control other electronic components. Unlike traditional microprocessors used in computers, microcontrollers are designed for specific tasks, like reading sensor data or controlling motors.  Introduction to Arduino Microcontroller The A MICROCONTROLLER (or MCU, short for microcontroller unit) is a small computer (SoC) on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. It serves as the brain of our robot. Compared to our nervous system, this unit sends the information programmed so different robotic parts can function.  Parts of the Microcontroller The A MICROCONTROLLER (or MCU, short for microcontroller unit) is a small computer (SoC) on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. It serves as the brain of our robot. Compared to our nervous system, this unit sends the information programmed so different robotic parts can function.  Parts of the Microcontroller 1. Power IN (Barrel Jack) – It can be used with either a 9V or 12V supply. 2. Power IN (USB Port) – It provides power and communicates with the board when plugged into a computer via USB. 3. LED (RX: Receiving) – It blinks when receiving data.  Parts of the Microcontroller 4. LED (TX: Transmitting) – It blinks when transmitting data. 5. LED (Troubleshooting) – It blinks when the program is running properly. 6. Pins (Digital, Analog, Ground) – It can be used for input, output, power, and ground. Pin 0 – 13  Parts of the Microcontroller Analog Output Pins / PWM Pins Pin ~ 3, ~5, ~6, ~9, ~10 and ~11 7. LED (ON/OFF) – It indicates if there is a power. 8. Reset Button – It manually resets the Arduino that makes your code restart. 9. Pins (Analog In, Power In, Ground Power Out, Reset) – They can be used for input, output, power, and ground. Pin A0 – A5 Power Pin Reset +3.3 V 5V Ground  Microcontroller Uses Lots of devices make use of microcontrollers. Some examples: 1. Burglar alarms incorporate a microcontroller chip, which is connected to the keypad, display and sensor/contact inputs. 2. Older automatic washing machines used a cam switch for sequencing the operations during a wash cycle. This was quite a complex switch and was mounted on the end of the shaft of the knob you used to select a wash program. Newer machines use a microcontroller to sequence operations. Other appliances such as microwave ovens and dishwashers may incorporate a microcontroller  Microcontroller Uses Lots of devices make use of microcontrollers. Some examples: 3. TVs use microcontrollers to handle the selection of channels and reading the state of buttons on the TV 4. Microcontrollers are used for engine control and display of information on the dashboard (fascia) of vehicles 5. Digital cameras use microcontrollers to handle input from buttons, control of image capture and display  Key Features of Arduino 01 02 03 04 1.Open-source Hardware 4.Wide Range of Boards 2. Cross-platform 3. User-friendly IDE All Arduino boards are Arduino offers a variety of The Arduino IDE can run The Arduino IDE is open-source, meaning the boards, each suited to on Windows, Mac, and designed to be simple schematics and design different tasks, from basic Linux, making it and intuitive, with files are freely models like the Arduino accessible to a wide built-in libraries and available.This promotes Uno to more powerful range of users. examples to help variants like the Arduino innovation and beginners get Mega and Arduino Due. collaboration within the started. community.  Arduino Microcontroller Architecture The architecture of an Arduino board typically includes the following components: Microcontroller Unit (MCU): Thecore oftheArduino board is the microcontroller,which actsas thebrain of the system. The most common microcontroller used in Arduino boards is the Atmel AVR (e.g., ATmega328P), but other microcontrollers like the ARM Cortex can also be found in more advanced boards. Arduino Microcontroller Architecture DigitalI/O Pins: These pins can be programmed to act as either input or output. They are used to interact with other components like LEDs, buttons, and sensors.  Arduino Microcontroller Architecture Analog Input Pins: These pins read analog signals from sensors. For example, a temperature sensor might output a varying voltage, which the analog pin can convert into a digital value using the microcontroller’s Arduino Microcontroller Architecture Power Supply: Arduino boardscan bepowered through a USB connectionor anexternal power source. The onboard voltage regulator ensures that the microcontroller receives a stable 5V or 3.3V, depending on the board model.  Arduino Microcontroller Architecture Clock: The microcontroller requires aclocksignal to operate. This istypically provided by an external quartz crystal oscillator or a resonator, which determines the speed at which the microcontroller executes instructions. Arduino Microcontroller Architecture USB Interface: The USB port on the Arduino board serves dual purposes. It can power the board and provide a means to upload programs from the computer to the microcontroller.  Basics of Arduino Microcontroller Architecture  Arduino Boards Popular Arduino Models There are several Arduino boards available, each designed for different types of projects. Some of the most common models include: Arduino Uno: The most popular and widely used board, ideal for beginners.It features the ATmega328P microcontroller, 14 digital I/O pins, and 6 analog input pins. Arduino Mega: This board is designed for more complex projects requiring more I/O pins. It has 54 digital I/O pins, 16 analog inputs, and an ATmega2560 microcontroller. Arduino Due: The Due is amore powerful board featuringan ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller. It operates at3.3V and offers more processing power for demanding applications. Arduino Leonardo: The Leonardo uses the ATmega32u4 microcontroller, which has built-in USB communication, allowing it to act as a mouse or keyboard directly connected to a computer.  Selecting the Right Board When selecting an Arduino board, consider the following factors: 1. Project Complexity: If your project requires multiple sensors and actuators, you may need a board with more I/O pins, like the Arduino Mega. 2. Power Consumption: Some projects, like battery-powered devices, may require low-power boards like the Arduino Pro Mini. 3. Processing Power: For computationally intensive projects, such as those involving real-time data processing, consider boards with  Practical Applications of Arduino Arduino can be used in a wide variety of projects, from simple DIY electronics to complex automation systems. Here are some examples: 1.Home Automation Arduino can be used to automate home devices like lights, fans, and security systems. By interfacing with sensors and actuators, the Arduino can control appliances based on environmental conditions  Practical Applications of Arduino Arduino can be used in a wide variety of projects, from simple DIY electronics to complex automation systems. Here are some examples: 2.Robotics Arduino is commonly used in robotics projects. It can control motors, read sensor data, and even enable wireless communication between robots. For example, an Arduino can control the  Practical Applications of Arduino Arduino can be used in a wide variety of projects, from simple DIY electronics to complex automation systems. Here are some examples: 3.Environmental Monitoring Arduino can be used to build systems that monitor environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and air quality. By integrating with various sensors, Arduino can collect and analyze data, making it useful for weather stations and The Arduino Ecosystem The Arduino ecosystem is a broad and growing collection of hardware and software tools designed to expand the capabilities of Arduino boards. This ecosystem includes: 1.Shields: Expansion boards that stack on top of Arduino boards to add functionality. 2.Sensors and Actuators: Components that allow the Arduino to interact with the physical world by measuring or affecting environmental variables. 3.Software Libraries: Pre-written code that simplifies the integration of external components and peripherals. 4.Online Resources and Community Support: A vast online community that provides tutorials, forums, and shared code libraries. 5.Interfacing with Other Platforms: Arduino's ability to integrate with other systems, including IoT platforms and communication modules. Each of these components is crucialto understanding how Arduino fits into larger systems and projects. Arduino Hardware Ecosystem 1.Shields Shields are plug-in boards that stackon topof Arduinomicrocontroller boards to extend theirfunctionality without requiring complex wiring. They are designed to be modular, making it easy to add capabilities such as motor control, wireless communication, or Internet connectivity. Shields have pin configurations that match the Arduino board, allowing them to be physically and electrically connected with ease.  Common Types of Shields Motor Shields: Theseshields are used tocontrol DC motors, stepper motors,and servos.They simplifythe processof controlling the speed and direction of motors, which is essential in robotics and automation projects. ·Wi-Fi and Ethernet Shields: These shields enable Arduino boards to connect to the Internet, making it possible to create IoT applications. For example, the Wi-Fi shield can connect your Arduino to a local wireless network, allowing you to build projects that require remote monitoring and control. ·GPSShields: GPS (Global Positioning System) shieldsprovide location-tracking capabilities.These areusefulin projects that require geographic positioning, such as drones, vehicle tracking systems, or environmental monitoring stations. ·SensorShields: These shields come with connectors for varioustypes ofsensors, making it easy tointerface with components like temperature sensors, humidity sensors, and ultrasonic distance sensors.  2.Sensors and Actuators Sensors and actuators form the input and output components of an Arduino project, allowing the microcontroller to interact with the physical world. Sensors detect changes in the environment, converting physical parameters (like temperature, light, orsound) into electrical signals. Actuators do the opposite by converting electrical signals from the Arduino into physical action, such as moving a motor or turning on an LED.  Common Sensors Temperature Sensors: Sensors like theLM35 orDHT11 measuretemperature and, in some cases,humidity. They are used in projects involving environmental monitoring, HVAC systems, or weather stations.  Common Sensors ·Light Sensors: Photodiodes and light-dependentresistors (LDRs) measure the intensityof light. These sensors are useful in projects like automatic lighting systems or solar trackers.  Common Sensors ·Proximity Sensors: Ultrasonic sensors (e.g., HC-SR04) measure the distance between the sensor and an object using sound waves. These sensors are widely used in robotics for obstacle detection.  Common Sensors ·Gas Sensors: Sensors like the MQ-2 detect various gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, methane, smoke), making them useful in safety systems and environmental monitoring.  Common Actuators ·LEDs: Light-emitting diodes are the most basic output components. They are often used to indicatestatus or to create light displays.  Common Actuators ·Motors: Actuators like DC motors, stepper motors, and servo motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion. They are commonly used in robotics and automation.  Common Actuators ·Relays: Relays act as switches that can be controlled by the Arduino to turn high-power devices (like household appliances) on and off. Thank You!