Laboratory Techniques 1-2 PDF

Laboratory Room laboratory room: is a controlled environment designed for scientific research, experiment, analysis, and measurement. It is equipped with specialized instruments, tools, and safety equipment to enable researchers, scientists, and technicians to conduct experiments acc...

Laboratory Room laboratory room: is a controlled environment designed for scientific research, experiment, analysis, and measurement. It is equipped with specialized instruments, tools, and safety equipment to enable researchers, scientists, and technicians to conduct experiments accurately and safely. Laboratory instruments 1 2 Laboratory glasses Petri dishes 3 What are the preventive measures inside the laboratory room ? 1. Listen to or read instructions carefully before attempting to do anything. 2. Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes from chemicals, heated materials, or things that might be able to shatter. 3. Notify your teacher if any spills or accidents occur. 4. After handling chemicals, always wash your hands with soap and water. 5. During lab work, keep your hands away from your face. 6. Tie back long hair. 7. Roll up loose sleeves. 8. Know the location of the fire extinguisher, fire blanket, eyewash station, and first aid kit. 9. Keep your work area uncluttered. Take to the lab station only what is necessary. 10. It is suggested that you wear glasses rather than contact lenses. 11. Never put anything into your mouth during a lab experiment. 12. Clean up your lab area at the conclusion of the laboratory period. 13-No eating or drinking. Safety signs in a lab are standardized symbols and instructions that communicate important safety information, helping to protect lab personnel and visitors from potential hazards. Here are some categories and definitions for common lab safety signs: 4 5  Microbiology All living organisms can be sorted into one of two groups depending on the fundamental structure of their cells. These two groups are the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. Prokaryotic: cells are simple, single-celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. Their genetic material (DNA) is located in a region called the nucleoid, not enclosed by a membrane. Prokaryotes are typically smaller in size and include organisms like bacteria. Eukaryotic: cells are more complex cells that have a defined, membrane-bound nucleus containing their genetic material (DNA). They also have various membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus. 6  Eukaryotes can be single-celled (e.g., protists) or multicellular (e.g., animals, plants, and fungi). Microorganism classification Compare between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Feature Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus Absent Present Linear, associated with DNA Structure Circular, no histones histones Size Small (1–10 µm) Larger (10–100 µm) None (non-membranous Organelles Membrane-bound organelles only) Cell Division Binary fission Mitosis/meiosis Ribosomes 70S 80S (cytoplasmic) Cellulose (plants), chitin Cell Wall Peptidoglycan (bacteria) (fungi) Plants, animals, fungi, Examples Bacteria, Archaea protists Figure (1-1) Compression between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells 7 Microbiology: - is the study of microscopic organisms, either unicellular (Bacteria), multicellular (fungi), or acellular (virus). Bacteria: - Is single-celled microorganisms that can exist either as independent (free-living) organisms or as parasites (dependent on another organism for life). Structures of bacteria cell Bacterial forms there are different forms of bacteria include:- 8 Different bacterial forms Bacterial aggregation Bacteria are classified by direct examination with the light microscope through its morphology and aggregation. 1-Types of coccus bacterial aggregation 2-Types of bacillus bacterial aggregation. 9 3- Types of Spirochetes aggregation. 10