Tissues, Tissue Membrane, and Inflammation PDF

N W E EPITHELIAL S TISSUES ELISHA CHARITY B. HERMOSO, RMT TISSUES: A GROUP OF CELLS WITH SIMILAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS THAT HAVE SIMILAR EXTRACELLULAR SUBSTANCES LOCATED BETWEEN THEM Histology is the microscopic study of tissue structure. EPITHILIUM OR EP...

N W E EPITHELIAL S TISSUES ELISHA CHARITY B. HERMOSO, RMT TISSUES: A GROUP OF CELLS WITH SIMILAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS THAT HAVE SIMILAR EXTRACELLULAR SUBSTANCES LOCATED BETWEEN THEM Histology is the microscopic study of tissue structure. EPITHILIUM OR EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVERS EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SURFACES THROUGHOUT THE BODY. SURFACE INCLUDE LINING OF CAVITIES SUCH AS DIGESTIVE TRACT, AIRWAYS AND BLOOD VESSELS MOST HAVE A FREE SURFACE BASAL SURFACE ADJACENT TO BASEMENT MEMBRANE  TITLE Use this blank slide to insert a BIG image of the location for your trip. This slide should capture your fellow students’ interest. In the notes area, write a terrific lead into the trip you will be taking people on today. BASEMENT MEMBRANE ▪ BLOOD VESSSELS DO NOT EXTEND FROM THE UNDERLYING TISSUES INTO EPITHELIUM ▪ IT MUST DIFFUSE IN THE BASAL MEMBRANE FROM UNDERLYING TISSUE ▪ WASTE PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY EPITHELIAL CELLS DIFFUSE ACROSS THE MEMBRANE  EPITHELIUM BASEMENT MEMBRANE IS SECRETED PARTLY BY EPITHELIAL CELLS AND PARTLY BY THE CELLS OF THE UNDERLYING TISSUES. SUBSTANCES THAT CROSS THE EPITHELIUM MUST ALSO CROSS THROUGH IT.  EX. SKIN, ORAL 1. PROTECTING CAVITY UNDERLYING STRUCTURES. FUNCTIONS 2. ACTING AS A OF EX. SKIN BARRIER 3. PERMITTING THE EPITHELIUM EX. LUNGS PASSAGE OF SUBSTANCE EX. SWEAT GLANDS, MUCOUS 4. SECRETING GLANDS, SECRETING PORTIONS OF PANCREAS SUBSTANCES 5. ABSORBING CELL MEMBRANE OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES EPITHILIAL TISSUES CONTAIN CARRIER PROTEINS SIMPLE EPITHELIUM  SIMPLE EPITHELIUM SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM  SIMPLE EPITHELIUM SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM  SIMPLE EPITHELIUM SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM AND TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM ASSIGNMENT no. 1 for MIDTERMS (considered bonus points) DRAW ALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE CITE WHAT ORGANS IN OUR BODY THAT APPLIES EPITHELIAL TISSUE AND ITS FUNCTION FREE SURFACE It is not in contact with other cells and faces away from underlying tissues. EX: endothelium, with a smooth surface, which reduces friction as blood flows through the vessels. Microvilli are cylindrical extensions of the cell membrane that increase the free surface area cells lining the small intestine FREE SURFACE It is not in contact with other cells and faces away from underlying tissues. EX: Cillia -the nasal cavity and trachea are lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. The uterus and uterine tubes are also lined with ciliated columnar cells. There the cilia help move mucus and oocyte CELL CONNECTIONS Cells have structures that hold one cell to one another or to the basement membrane. These structures do three things: (1) mechanically bind the cells together (2) help form a permeability barrier, (3) provide a mechanism for intercellular communication Desmosomes mechanical links that bind cells together. Modified desmosomes, called hemidesmosomes TIGHT JUNCTIONS bind adjacent cells together and form permeability barriers. prevent the passage of materials between epithelial cells because they completely surround each cell, GAP JUNCTION are small channels that allow small molecules and ions to pass from one epithelial cell to an adjacent one.  GLANDS SECRETORY ORGANS composed primarily of epithelium, with a supporting network of connective tissue.  EXOCRINE ENDOCRINE (EK′SŌ-KRIN) (EN′DŌ-KRIN) GLANDS GLANDS Glands with ducts Some glands become separated from the maintains an open epithelium of their contact with the origin and have no epithelium ducts. Most are composed of have extensive blood many cells and are vessels. called multicellular glands Hormones cellular lined with epithelium products excreted  Simple glands have those shaped in a single, nonbranched saclike structures are duct. called acinar Compound glands (as′i-nar) or have multiple, alveolar (al-vē′ō-lar). branched ducts. Tubular glands can Glands with secretory be straight or coiled. regions shaped as tubules (small tubes) Glands with a are called tubular combination of the have extensive blood two are called vessels EXOCRINE GLANDS tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar.  Holocrine Merocrine secretion (hol′ō-krin) involves the release of secretion involves secretory products by the shedding of entire exocytosis. EX. Sweat glands and cells. pancreas Ex. Sebaceous Oil Glands Apocrine (ap′ō-krin) secretion involves the release of secretory products as pinched-off fragments of the gland EXOCRINE GLANDS: cells CLASSIFIED HOW PRODUCTS LEAVE CELLS EX. Mammary glands EXOCRINE GLANDS CONNECTIVE TISSUES CONNECTIVE TISSUES primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body. it consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix.  Enclosing and separate muscles, arteries, veins, and nerves from one separating other another. tissues. Tendons are strong cables, or bands, of connective tissue Connecting tissues to that attach muscles to bone, and ligaments one another. nose, the ears, and the surfaces of joints. Supporting and moving parts of the body. Adipose tissue (fat) stores high-energy molecules, and Storing compounds. bones store minerals Cushioning and insulating Blood transports gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, Transporting and cells of the immune system throughout the body Protecting. Cells of the immune system and blood provide protection against toxins and tissue injury,  CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Blasts Cytes Clasts create the matrix maintain it break it down for EX: OSTEOBLASTS remodeling EX: FIBROBLASTS CHONDROCYTES CHONDROBLASTS  CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Macrophages (mak′rō-fāj-ez; makros, large + phago, to eat) Mast cells are large white blood cells that are nonmotile cells that are capable of moving about and release chemicals, such ingesting foreign substances, as histamine, that including microorganisms in the promote inflammation. connective tissue.  Extracellular Matrix The extracellular matrix of connective tissue has three major components: (1) protein fibers, (2) ground substance (3) fluid.  Protein Fibers of the Matrix types of protein fibers : Collagen resemble microscopic ropes, are very flexible but resist stretching Reticular are very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting network. Elastic ability to return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality.  The ground substance Proteoglycans consists of nonfibrous (prō′tē-ō- glī′kanz; molecules. GROUND SUBSTANCE proteo, protein + OF THE MATRIX It is the “shapeless” glycan, background against polysaccharide) are which the collagen large molecules that fibers are seen consist of a protein through the core attached to many microscope. long polysaccharides  CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.  CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE CARTILAGE is composed of chondrocytes (kon′drō-sītz), or cartilage cells, located in spaces called lacunae (lă-koo′nē; small spaces) within an extensive matrix HYALINE CARTILAGE is the most abundant type of cartilage and has many functions. It covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints FIBROCARTILAGE has more collagen than does hyaline cartilage, and bundles of collagen fibers can be seen in the matrix. In addition to withstanding compression, it is able to resist pulling or tearing forces ELASTIC CARTILAGE contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans. appear as coiled fibers among bundles of collagen fibers. is able to recoil to its original shape when bent. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE BONES is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix  BONES SPONGY BONE COMPACT BONE has spaces between is more solid, with trabeculae (tră-bek′ū-lē; almost no space beams), or plates, of between many thin bone and therefore layers of mineralized resembles a sponge matrix FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD is unique because the matrix is liquid, enabling blood cells and platelets, collectively called formed elements, to move through blood vessels  MUSCLE TISSUES Main function :to contract, or shorten, making movement possible. length of muscle cells is greater than the diameter. Muscle cells are sometimes called muscle fibers because they often resemble tiny threads.  SKELETAL MUSCLES 40% of a person’s body weight is described as voluntary(under conscious control) nervous system can cause skeletal muscles to contract without conscious involvement (REFLEX)  SKELETAL MUSCLES long and cylindrical, with several nuclei per cell Striated or banded, because of the arrangement of contractile proteins within the cells CARDIAC MUSCLE is the muscle of the heart involuntary (unconscious) control are cylindrical but much shorter than skeletal muscle cells are striated and usually have one nucleus per cell. They are often branched and connected to one another by intercalated (in-ter′kă-lā-ted) disks. CARDIAC MUSCLE Intercalated disks contain specialized gap junctions, are important in coordinating the contractions of the cardiac muscle cells SMOOTH MUSCLES forms the walls of hollow organs s (except the heart) are tapered at each end, have a single nucleus, and are not striated  NERVOUS TISSUES Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities NERVOUS TISSUES ▪ ability of nervous tissue cells to communicate with one another and with the cells of other tissues by means of electrical signals called ACTION POTENTIALS. ▪ consists of neurons/ nerve cells and support cells. They are responsible for conducting action potential ▪ Dendrites (den′drītz; relating to a tree) and axons (ak′sonz) are nerve cell processes (extensions). ▪ Glia (g′lē-ă; glia, glue) are the support cells of the nervous system; they nourish, protect, and insulate the neurons. TISSUE MEMBRANE a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity  MUCOUS MEMBRANE line cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts they include protection, absorption, and secretion  SEROUS MEMBRANE Line cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body, such as the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities. do not contain glands, but they secrete a small amount of fluid called serous fluid, which lubricates the surface of the membranes  SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE line the cavities of freely movable joints made up of only connective tissue and consist of modified connective tissue cells makes the joint very slippery, INFLAMMATION occurs when tissues are damaged. 5 major symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of function. INFLAMMATION ▪Following an injury, substances called chemical mediators are released or activated in the injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels. The mediators include histamine (his′tă-mēn) and prostaglandins (pros-tă-glan′dinz). INFLAMMATION ▪ Edema (e-dē′mă), or swelling, of the tissues results when water, proteins, and other substances from the blood move into the tissues. One of the proteins, fibrin, forms a fibrous network that “walls off” the site of injury from the rest of the body. INFLAMMATION ▪ Neutrophil (noo′trō-fil), a phagocytic white blood cell that fights infections by ingesting bacteria. ▪ Neutrophils die after ingesting a small number of bacteria; ▪ the mixture of dead neutrophils, other cells, and fluid that can accumulate is called pus.  END SLIDE Assignment 1: Part 2 What happens to the tissue when we age? Synthesize the tissue repair process. PLEASE READ SEELEY’S for your long quiz