Tissues Lecture Outline PDF

Because learning changes everything.® Tissues Lecture Outline Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Tis...

Because learning changes everything.® Tissues Lecture Outline Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Tissue A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function, plus the extracellular substance surrounding them. Histology is the study of tissues. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2 Types of Tissues There are four tissue types in the human body: 1. Epithelial – a covering or lining tissue 2. Connective – a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body 3. Muscle – a tissue that contracts or shortens, making movement possible 4. Nervous – responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 3 Epithelial Tissue Characteristics 1. Mostly composed of cells 2. Covers body surfaces 3. Has an exposed surface 4. Attaches at the basal surface 5. Specialized cell connections and matrix attachments 6. Capable of regeneration Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 4 Characteristics of Epithelium Figure 4.1 (top) ©Victor Eroschenko; (bottom) Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 5 Functions of Epithelial Tissues 1. Protects underlying structures 2. Acts as a barrier 3. Permits passage of substances 4. Secreting substances 5. Absorption of substances Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 6 Classification of Epithelia 1 Epithelial tissues are classified primarily according to the number of cell layers and the shape of the superficial cells. The cell layers can be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified. The cell shapes can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or a special transitional shape, that varies with the degree of stretch. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 7 Classification of Epithelia 2 Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface. Stratified epithelium consists of more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 8 Classification of Epithelia 3 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a special type of simple epithelium, that appears to be falsely stratified. It consists of one layer of cells, with all the cells attached to the basement membrane. Due to variations in the shape of the cells, the epithelia appears stratified. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 9 Classification of Epithelia 4 There are three types of epithelium based on idealized shapes of the epithelial cells: 1. Squamous cells are flat or scalelike. 2. Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped—about as wide as they are tall. 3. Columnar cells tend to be taller than they are wide. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 10 Simple Squamous Epithelium 1 Simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of thin, flat cells. Some substances easily pass through this thin layer of cells, but other substances do not. In the lungs, simple squamous epithelium, allows for gas exchange. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 11 Simple Squamous Epithelium 2 Figure of Table 4.2 Simple Epithelium (Part A) (a) Simple Squamous Epithelium Structure: Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells; the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed in cross section because the cells are so flat Function: Diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some protection against friction Location: Lining of blood vessels and the heart, lymphatic vessels, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules, lining of Alvin Telser/McGraw-Hill Education serous membranes of body cavities (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal)z Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 12 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 1 Simple cuboidal epithelium is a single layer of cube-like cells that carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, or secretion. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 13 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 2 Figure of Table 4.2 Simple Epithelium (Part B) (b) Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Structure: Single layer of cube-shaped cells; some cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia (terminal bronchioles of the lungs) Function: Secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules; secretion by cells of glands and choroid plexuses; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells Location: Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of ©Victor Eroschenko terminal bronchioles of the lungs, and surfaces of the ovaries Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 14 Simple Columnar Epithelium 1 Simple columnar epithelium is a single layer of tall, thin cells. The large size of these cells enables them to perform complex functions, such as secretion. The simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine produces and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 15 Simple Columnar Epithelium 2 Figure of Table 4.2 Simple Epithelium (Part C) (c) Simple Columnar Epithelium Structure: Single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells have cilia (bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterine tubes, and uterus) or microvilli (intestines) Function: Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible for the movement of oocytes through the uterine tubes by ciliated cells; secretion by cells of the glands, the stomach, and the intestines; absorption by cells of the intestines ©Victor Eroschenko Location: Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, and ventricles of the brain Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 16 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 1 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium secretes mucus, which covers its free surface. Cilia in the airways move the mucus and accumulated debris toward the throat, where it is swallowed. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 17 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 2 Figure of Table 4.2 Simple Epithelium (Part D) (d) Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Structure: Single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear stratified; the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface Function: Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free surface and move mucus (or fluid) that ©Victor Eroschenko contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages Location: Lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi of lungs Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 18 Stratified Squamous Epithelium 1 Stratified squamous epithelium forms a thick epithelium because it consists of several layers of cells. There are two types of stratified squamous epithelia: keratinized stratified squamous and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 19 Stratified Squamous Epithelium 2 Figure of Table 4.3 Stratified Epithelium (Part A) (a) Stratified Squamous Epithelium Structure: Several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface; the epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized; in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the surface cells retain a nucleus and cytoplasm; in keratinized stratified epithelium, the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced by a protein called keratin, and the cells are dead Function: Protects against abrasion, forms a barrier against infection, and reduces loss of water from the body Alvin Telser/McGraw-Hill Education Location: Keratinized—outer layer of the skin; nonkeratinized—mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, and corneas Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 20 Transitional Epithelium 1 Transitional epithelium is a special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched. The shape of the cells change as the epithelium is stretched. Transitional epithelium lines cavities that can expand greatly, such as the urinary bladder. It also protects underlying structures, like the urinary bladder, from the caustic effects of urine. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 21 Transitional Epithelium 2 Figure of Table 4.3 Stratified Epithelium (Part B) (b) Transitional Epithelium Structure: Stratified cells that appear cuboidal when the organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ or tube is stretched by fluid Function: Accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid in an organ or a tube; protects against the caustic effects of urine Location: Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra ©Victor Eroschenko Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 22 Connective Tissue Connective tissue is a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body. Connective tissue is diverse in both structure and function. Connective tissue is comprised of cells, protein fibers, and an extracellular matrix. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 23 Functions of Connective Tissue 1. Enclose and separate other tissues 2. Connecting tissues to one another 3. Supporting and moving parts of the body 4. Storing compounds 5. Cushioning and insulating 6. Transporting 7. Protection Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 24 Connective Tissue Cells 1 The specialized cells of the various connective tissues produce the extracellular matrix. The name of the cell identifies the cell functions. Osteoblasts form bone, osteocytes maintain it, and osteoclasts break it down. Fibroblasts are cells that form fibrous connective tissue, and fibrocytes maintain it. Chondroblasts form cartilage and chondrocytes maintain it. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 25 Extracellular Matrix The extracellular matrix of connective tissue has three major components: protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 26 Types of Connective Tissues Loose connective tissue Three subdivisions of loose connective tissue are areolar, adipose, and reticular. Areolar connective tissue primarily consists of collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 27 Areolar Connective Tissue Figure of Table 4.6 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue (Part A) (a) Areolar Connective Tissue Structure: A fine network of fibers (mostly collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers) with spaces between the fibers; fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes are located in the spaces Function: Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is associated Location: ©Ed Reschke Widely distributed throughout the body; substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest; packing between glands, muscles, and nerves; attaches the skin to underlying tissues Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 28 Types of Connective Tissues 3 Adipose tissue consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipid for energy storage. Adipose tissue pads and protects parts of the body and acts as a thermal insulator. Reticular tissue forms the framework of lymphatic tissue, such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and the liver. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 29 Adipose Tissue Figure of Table 4.6 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue (Part B) (b) Adipose Tissue Structure: Little extracellular matrix surrounding cells; the adipocytes, or fat cells, are so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell Function: Packing material, thermal insulator, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred Location: Predominantly in subcutaneous areas, mesenteries, renal pelves, ©Ed Reschke around kidneys, attached to the surface of the colon, mammary glands, and in loose connective tissue that penetrates into spaces and crevices Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 30 Reticular Tissue Figure of Table 4.6 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue (Part C) (c) Reticular Tissue Structure: Fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged Function: Provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues Location: Within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow Al Telser/McGraw-Hill Education Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 31 Types of Connective Tissues 4 Dense Connective tissue There are two major subcategories of dense connective tissue: collagenous and elastic. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 32 Types of Connective Tissues 5 Dense collagenous connective tissue has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers. Dense collagenous connective tissue having the collagen fibers oriented in the same direction is termed dense regular. Examples of dense regular are tendons and ligaments. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 33 Types of Connective Tissues 6 Dense collagenous connective tissue having the collagen fibers oriented in the multiple directions is termed dense irregular. Examples of dense irregular are in the dermis of the skin and in organ capsules. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 34 Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue Figure of Table 4.7 Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Connective Tissue (a) Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue Structure: Matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction in tendons and ligaments; collagen fibers run in several directions in the dermis of the skin and in organ capsules Function: Withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation due to great tensile strength and stretch resistance Location: ©Victor Eroschenko Ed Reschke/Stone/Getty Images Tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (attach bones to each other); also found in the dermis of the skin, organ capsules, and the outer layer of many blood vessels Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 35 Types of Connective Tissues 7 Dense elastic connective tissue has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers. Examples include the dense elastic connective tissue in the vocal cords. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 36 Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue Figure of Table 4.7 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue (Part B) (b) Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue Structure: Matrix composed of collagen fibers and elastin fibers running in somewhat the same direction in elastic ligaments; elastic fibers run in connective tissue of blood vessel walls Function: Capable of stretching and recoiling like a rubber band with strength in the direction of fiber orientation ©Victor Eroschenko Location: Elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck (nucha) and in the vocal cords; also found in elastic connective tissue of blood vessel walls Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 37 Cartilage 1 Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes, located in spaces called lacunae within an extensive matrix. Collagen in the matrix gives cartilage flexibility and strength. Cartilage provides support, but if bent or slightly compressed, it resumes its original shape. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 38 Cartilage 2 There are three types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage and has many functions, such as covering the ends of bones, where they form joints. Fibrocartilage has more collagen than does hyaline cartilage and is able to withstand compression and resist tearing or pulling Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 39 Hyaline Cartilage Figure of Table 4.8 Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage (Part A) (a) Hyaline Cartilage Structure: Collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent; the chondrocytes are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix Function: Allows growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, ©Victor P. Eroschenko and nose; forms strong, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic skeleton Location: Growing long bones, cartilage rings of the respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, articulating surface of bones, and the embryonic skeleton Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 40 Fibrocartilage Figure of Table 4.8 Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage (Part B) (b) Fibrocartilage Structure: Collagen fibers similar to those in hyaline cartilage; the fibers are more numerous than in other cartilages and are arranged in thick bundles Function: Somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great ©Victor Eroschenko pressure Location: Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, and articular disks (e.g., knees and temporomandibular [jaw] joints) Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 41 Elastic Cartilage Figure of Table 4.8 Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage (Part C) (c) Elastic Cartilage Structure: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastic fibers Function: Provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being stretched Location: Victor P. Eroschenko External ears, epiglottis, and auditory tubes Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 42 Bone 1 Bone is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix. Osteocytes are located within lacunae. The strength and rigidity of the mineralized matrix enables bones to support and protect other tissues and organs. Two types of bone tissue exist: spongy bone and compact bone. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 43 Bone 2 Spongy bone has spaces between trabeculae or plates, of bone and therefore resembles a sponge. Compact bone is more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 44 Bone 3 Figure of Table 4.9 Supporting Connective Tissue: Bone Structure: Hard, bony matrix predominates; many osteocytes (not seen in this bone preparation) are located within lacunae; the matrix is organized into layers called lamellae Function: Provides great strength and support and protects internal organs, such as ©Trent Stephens the brain; bone also provides attachment sites for muscles and ligaments; the joints of bones allow movements Location: All bones of the body Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 45 Blood 1 Blood is a liquid connective tissue It contains a liquid matrix, termed the plasma, along with formed elements. The formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. It functions in transport of food, oxygen, waste, hormones, and other substances. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 46 Blood 2 Figure of Table 4.10 Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood Structure: Formed elements and a fluid matrix Function: Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the body from infections and is involved in temperature regulation Location: Within the blood vessels; white blood cells frequently leave the blood vessels and enter the extracellular Ed Reschke/Getty Images spaces Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 47 Muscle 1 The main function of muscle tissue is to contract, or shorten, making movement possible. Muscle contraction results from contractile proteins located within the muscle cells. The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 48 Muscle 2 Skeletal muscle attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move. Skeletal muscle cells are striated, or banded, because of the arrangement of contractile proteins within the cells. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 49 Skeletal Muscle Figure of Table 4.11 Muscle Tissue (Part A) (a) Skeletal Muscle Structure: Skeletal muscle cells or fibers appear striated (banded); cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei Function: Movement of the body; under voluntary control Location: Attached to bone or other connective tissue ©Ed Reschke Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 50 Muscle 3 Cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart; it is responsible for pumping blood. They are often branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 51 Cardiac Muscle Figure of Table 4.11 Muscle Tissue (Part B) (b) Cardiac Muscle Structure: Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical and striated and have a single nucleus; they are branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions Function: Pumps the blood; under involuntary (unconscious) control Location: In the heart ©Ed Reschke Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 52 Muscle 4 Smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow organs; it is also found in the skin and the eyes. Smooth muscle cells are tapered at each end, have a single nucleus, and are not striated. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 53 Smooth Muscle Figure of Table 4.11 Muscle Tissue (Part C) (c) Smooth Muscle Structure: Smooth muscle cells are tapered at each end, are not striated, and have a single nucleus Function: Regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls the amount of light entering the eye, and produces “goose bumps” in the skin; under involuntary (unconscious) control Location: In hollow organs, such as the stomach and intestine; skin and eyes Dennis Strete/McGraw-Hill Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 54 Nervous Tissue 1 Nervous tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. Nervous tissue consists of neurons and support cells, termed glial cells. It is composed of three parts: a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 55 Nervous Tissue 2 Figure of Table 4.12 Nervous Tissue Structure: A neuron consists of dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon; glia, or support cells, surround the neurons Function: Neurons transmit information in the form of action potentials, store information, and integrate and evaluate data; glia support, protect, and form specialized sheaths around axons Location: In the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia ©Trent Stephens Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 56 Tissue Membranes 1 A tissue membrane is a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity. Most membranes consist of epithelium and the connective tissue on which the epithelium rests. There are four tissue membranes in the body: cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial. The skin, termed the cutaneous membrane, is an external body surface membrane. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 57 Internal Membranes Figure 4.6 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 58 Tissue Repair 1 Tissue repair involves substitution of dead cells for viable cells. Tissue repair can occur by regeneration or replacement. In regeneration, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored. In replacement, a new type of tissue develops, which eventually produces a scar and causes loss of some tissue function. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 59  Because learning changes everything. ® www.mheducation.com Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.