Tilapia culture in freshwater pond-APDP.pptx
Transcript
College of FisheriesFreshwater Aquaculture Center (CF-FAC) Central Luzon State University TILAPIA CULTURE IN FRESHWATER PONDS Aries Paul D. Padron Faculty/Researcher, CF-FAC Technical Counterpart-Tilapia Grow-out Research and Production Section Introduction • Nile tilapia • Originate in Africa...
College of FisheriesFreshwater Aquaculture Center (CF-FAC) Central Luzon State University TILAPIA CULTURE IN FRESHWATER PONDS Aries Paul D. Padron Faculty/Researcher, CF-FAC Technical Counterpart-Tilapia Grow-out Research and Production Section Introduction • Nile tilapia • Originate in Africa • Oreochromis niloticus (L.) • Produced in more than 100 countries Introduction • its capability in contributing to the increased production of animal protein in the world Philippine Total Tilapia Production (PSA,2021) Process of Tilapia Culture/Busine ss Fish stocking Pond preparation Site selection Harve st Feeding & maintenanc e Site Selection Freshwater Ponds Site Selection Consideration on site selection 1. Land elevation- ponds should be in elevated areas to avoid floods and facilitate drainage. Source: Food Agriculture Organization and Site Selection Consideration on site 2. Type of soil- Soil with lowselection permeability to water is preferred to avoid water seepage. Squeeze method Ideal soil type: Clay type soil pH of the soil ranges from 6.5 to 9.0 Site Selection Consideration on site 3. Water Source- The mainselection factor for successful fish culture is a permanent source of good quality water. Sources of water: • Underground water • Irrigation canal • River, spring, lakes Site Selection Consideration on site selection 3. Accessibility- The area is accessible to all types of vehicle to facilitate communication and transportation. 4. Electricity- The area has a reliable source of electricity. 5. Peace and order Site Selection Pond Construction Construction- ponds may be constructed by digging into the ground using a backhoe Pond depth- depth must be 0.5 m to 1m at shallow end; sloping to 1.5m to 2.0m at drain end. Pond shape- pond maybe rectangular or square Slopes- construct ponds with 2:1 or 3:1 slopes in all sides Drainage- Gate valves and stand pipes; draining should not take more than 3 days Water supply lines- water supply lines should be sufficient to fill each pond within three days Dikes- Grass must be planted Site Selection Pond Construction Process of Tilapia Culture/Busine ss Harve st Fish stocking Pond preparation Site selection Culture period (4- 5 months) Pond Preparation • Draining and drying • Drain and dry the pond completely every after harvest • Dry for about a week or more, depending upon the weather, until the bottom cracks • Draining and drying eradicate competitor fishes and predators, and kill diseasecausing organisms Pond Preparation Cultivation of pond bottom • Till or cultivate the pond bottom as soon as it is drained • Cultivation makes sub-surface nutrients available at the surface for the growth of fish food in the pond, eradicate burrowing predators like mudfish and eliminate undesirable pond weeds. Pond Preparation Pests, Competition and Predator Control Pond Preparation Leveling Level the pond bottom after this is cultivated. Levelling makes the pond bottom slope gradually from its farthest end down towards the drainage structures – the deepest portion of the Pond Preparation Soil Conditioning Soil acidity limits the production of natural fish food by decreasing the amount of plant nutrients and, in some extreme cases, kill fish. In cases where soil pH is below 7.0, it is important to control acidity to ensure high fish production. Analyze pond soil at least once a year to determine its pH value. Soil analysis is especially recommended for newly constructed fishponds as basis for proper soil conditioning. Pond Preparation Methods of controlling and correcting acidity Leaching - Wash or flush the pond bottom to reduce acidity. This process is effective in slightly acidic soil. Liming - Apply lime in fishponds primarily as a soil conditioner. Liming corrects soil acidity, promotes the release of soil nutrients, precipitates suspended materials which hamper light penetration and reduces incidence of fish diseases. Pond Preparation Lime application • Broadcast or spread the needed lime over the drained but moist pond bottom. Mix the lime, thoroughly with the soil to attain maximum effectiveness. Allow one week to lapse before applying phosphate fertilizer. 200kg/ha of hydrated lime Pond Preparation Pond Fertilization Fertilization is a process of stimulating the primary productivity in fish ponds inducing the growth of natural food. Pond Preparation Application Procedure: Fertilizers will be dissolved in buckets containing pond water and then splashed over the whole pond surface. Pond Preparation Application rate of inorganic fertilizers per unit area Pond Area Ammo.Phos. Urea (46-0-0) (CRSP Recommended Rate:(1628 kg N and 5.6 kg (m2) 20-0) (kg) (kg) P/Ha/wk) 100 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 10,000 0.3 1.4 2.8 5.6 8.4 11.2 14.0 28.0 0.5 2.6 5.1 10.2 15.3 20.4 25.6 51.1 Process of Tilapia Culture/Busine ss Harve st Fish stocking Pond preparation Site selection Culture period (4- 5 months) Fish Stocking Three methods of culture: • Extensive Culture Method – Natural food is promoted in the ponds with organic and/or chemical fertilizers. – Low Stocking Density: 1-2 fish m-2 -- Water is added only to compensate for loss due to evaporation and seepage • Semi-intensive Culture Method – Fertilization and supplemental feeds. – Moderate Stocking Density: 3-5 fish m -2 – Occasional adding and changing of water • Intensive Culture Method – – – – Complete supplemental feeding High Stocking Density: 6 or more fish m -2 Frequent adding and changing of water Use of mechanical aeration Fish Stocking Sources of • Over 2,000 small, Fingerlings medium and large scale hatchery/nursery operators producing more than a 1 billion fingerlings per year Fish Stocking Sources of Fingerlings Freshwater Aquaculture Center Selected Tilapia Originated from the IDRC genetics project’s with-in family selection. Genetically Enhanced Tilapia – Excellent strain that has Competitive Advantage with other tilapia strains for Entrepreneurial Livelihood projects in support to aquaculture for rural development. (GET-EXCEL) A product from crossing GIFT and FaST. Fingerlings distribution from the 12 • GST (Genomar Supreme Tilapia) • Best Tilapia strain (B-meg) • Saline Tolerant Tilapia strain • Brackishwater Enhanced Selected Tilapia (BEST) • MOLOBICUS • Fish Stocking Stocking of Fingerlings - Stocking of uniform size fingerlings, done early in the morning or late in the afternoon where water temperature is low - Fingerlings must be properly conditioned / acclimatized before *water depth should be at approximately 1 meter stocking to minimize stress Process of Tilapia Culture/Busine ss Fish stocking Pond preparation Site selection Feeding period Harve st Feeding period Supplemental Feeding • Tilapia farmers in the Philippines commonly used supplemental feeds in the production of Nile tilapia • 60-70% of production costs is due to feed cost Feeding period • Additional feeds maybe needed if plankton growth is not enough and growth of fish is slow • Fish growth can be checked by sampling the fish • Feeding is done twice a day at the rate of 2 – 20 percent of total fish weight depending on the size of the fish ANONG ORAS DAPAT MAGPAKAIN? q q 1 6AM 9AM O x y g e n 8-9 AM ( m g / l ) 2-3 PM D i s s o l v e d Feeding period 2 12NN 3 3AM 4 5 6PM 6 9PM Time 7 12M N 8 3AM 9 6AM AGE (Week) Ave. Body Wt. (g) Feeding Rate (%) Fry Mash Starter Grower Finisher 0 0.2-1.0 20 + 1 1.1-2.0 15 + 2 3.0-5.0 10 + 3 6.0-9.0 7 + 4 10.0-15.0 7 + 5 16.0-22.0 7 + 6 23.0-30.0 6 + 7 31.0-39.0 6 + 8 40.0-50.0 5 + 9 51.1-65.0 5 + 10 66.0-75.0 4 + 11 76.0-90.0 4 + 12 91.0-120.0 3 + 13 121.0-150.0 3 + 14 151.0-160.0 3 + 15 161.0-200.0 3 + 16 201.0-250.0 2 + 17 251.0 above 2 + Feeding period Sample computation: Size of pond: 1 hectare or 10,000 sq.m. Stocking Density: 5 per sq.m. No. of Stocks: 50,000 pcs. Formula: (No. of Stocks) x (Average Body Weight (g)) x (Feeding Rate) = _______ g feed/day 50,000 pcs. X 5 grams x 0.1 = 25,000 g or 25.0 kgs/day Feeding period • Feeds are broadcast on the pond, usually on the same part of the pond to train the fish • An active feeding response is a good indication of healthy fish Water Quality Parameters • Dissolved oxygen - 5 mg/liter or higher • Temperature (0C) - 28-32 0C • Salinity (ppt) - 0-15 ppt • pH - 6.5 - 9 • Lethal ammonia levels - > 2 mg/liter (unionized) • Lethal carbon dioxide conc. - > 73 mg/liter • Turbidity - <13,000 mg/liter Pond Care and Maintenance • Water level. Fish need space for growth. Production of plankton is also enhanced if water volume is sufficient. Pond water level should be monitored and maintained not lower than 1 meter. • Fertilization. Regular fertilizer application should be done to maintain production of plankton and water quality. Visibility should be 30 – 40 cm. • Pond Maintenance. Pond should be free from aquatic weeds (e.g. kangkong, weeds) because they compete with phytoplankton for nutrients derived from fertilizer. Dikes should also be regularly cleaned. • Avoid contamination of pond water with pesticides. Agricultural pesticides are toxic to fish. Contamination of the pond is possible if irrigation water is used as the source or if run-off from adjacent croplands takes place. Tilapia farmer should be alert in detecting and preventing contamination of ponds. Parasites and Diseases • Fish diseases usually act in conjunction with other environmental factors: stress is particularly important in causing outbreaks. This can happen with a change in water quality which lasts for a considerable time but which is not in it self sufficient to kill fish. It may be stressful enough, however, to make the fish more susceptible to resident disease organisms Process of Tilapia Culture/Busine ss Fish stocking Pond preparation Site selection Feeding period Harve st Harvesting Harvesting • Harvesting of tilapia in fishponds is done after 4 to 5 months from stocking depending on the target market size • Preferably done at daybreak to avoid stress that may cause mortality Harvesting • Partial harvest is done by seining the fish while draining the pond water • Total harvesting can be applied by totally draining the pond depending on fish size and the market demand Harvesting • Farm gate price @ Php80/kg Profitability analysis of intensive grow-out pond of tilapia in ponds (References: computation updated from RV Eguia and MR Romana-Eguia, 2007) Profitability analysis of semi-intensive grow-out pond of tilapia in ponds (References: computation updated from RV Eguia and MR Romana-Eguia, 2007) Thank you! Photo by: EMCabana “National lead center for research and development in freshwater aquaculture” SECCHI DISK Freshwater Aquaculture Center Central Luzon State University Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines Contact No.: (044) 4560-681 Eddie Boy T. Jimenez Nos.:1 Science Research Contact Specialist (0925) 538 0729 -- Sun (0906) 045 0472 – Globe (0921) 448 8343 – Smart (0935) 591 7310 -- TM Email Address: [email protected]
