Roman Shipbuilding and Navigation PDF

# READING ## READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. ## Roman shipbuilding and navigation Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools. Shipbuilding modern Rome however...

# READING ## READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. ## Roman shipbuilding and navigation Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools. Shipbuilding modern Rome however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience. The Romans were not traditionally sailors but mostly land-based people, who learned to build ships from the people they conquered, namely the Greeks and the Egyptians. There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging. Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques. Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship. Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together. Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon, whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching. Then, in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship. This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times. The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequaled until the 16th century CE. Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy. They had to be able to sail near the coast, which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull. They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea's surface following naval battles. They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels. Warships used both wind (sails) and human power (oarsmen) and were therefore very fast. Eventually, Rome's navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called _Mare Nostrum_ meaning 'our sea'. There were many kinds of warship. The 'trireme' was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE. It had rowers in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 rowers in each bank. The rowers at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers and were exposed to the water entering through the oar-holes. It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military. The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers. ## Test 3 ### Questions 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write * **TRUE** if the statement agrees with the information * **FALSE** if the statement contradicts the information * **NOT GIVEN** if there is no information on this 1. The Romans' shipbuilding skills were passed on to the Greeks and the Egyptians. 2. Skilled craftsmen were needed for the mortise and tenon method of fixing planks. 3. The later practice used by Mediterranean shipbuilders involved building the hull before the frame. 4. The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea _Mare Nostrum_ because they dominated its use. 5. Most rowers on ships were people from the Roman army. ### Questions 6-13 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet. ### Warships and merchant ships Warships were designed so that they were **6** _______ and moved quickly. They often remained afloat after battles and were able to sail close to land as they lacked any additional weight. A battering ram made of **7** _______ was included in the design for attacking and damaging the timber and oars of enemy ships. Warships, such as the ‘trireme’, had rowers on three different **8** _______. Unlike warships, merchant ships had a broad **9** _______ that lay far below the surface of the sea. Merchant ships were steered through the water with the help of large rudders and a tiller bar. They had both square and **10** _______ sails. On merchant ships and warships, **11** _______ was used to ensure rowers moved their oars in and out of the water at the same time. Quantities of agricultural goods such as **12** _______ were transported by merchant ships to two main ports in Italy. The ships were pulled to the shore by **13** _______. When the weather was clear, and they could see islands or land, sailors used landmarks that they knew to help them navigate their route.