Theory Objectives: Nursing PDF

1.​ Describe the historical background of nursing, definitions of nursing, and the status of nursing as a profession and as a discipline. Historical background of nursing ​ The word nurse originates from the Latin word nutrire, which means “to suckle,” from which the words nourish,...

1.​ Describe the historical background of nursing, definitions of nursing, and the status of nursing as a profession and as a discipline. Historical background of nursing ​ The word nurse originates from the Latin word nutrire, which means “to suckle,” from which the words nourish, nutrition, and nursery are also derived ​ Nurses have always been adaptive and respond to needs of patients ​ Mostly women Definitions of nursing ​ Nursing is thought of as “legacy of caring, but defined as “art and science”(from slides) ​ ANA DEFINITION OF NURSING- “nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness, helps people who are suffering , and advocacy in the care of individuals” ​ International council of nurses(ICN)- “Nursing involves both independent care and working together with others to take care of people.Includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. Includes advocacy, research and education” ​ Florence Nightingale- “The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.” ​ Virginia Henderson- The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick/ well, in those activities contributing to health or its recovery that he would perform unaided if he had could. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. ​ Medical Definition of Nursing- Profession concerned with the provision of services essential to the maintenance and restoration of health by attending the needs of sick persons. Status of Nursing as a profession and as a discipline ​ Standards of practice are established by the American Nurses Association which is a professional organization that advances and protects the profession of nursing. ​ Nurses need to know specific and unique knowledge ​ Nurses must follow code of ethics(it guides there practice) ​ Nurses have service occupation(we provide service) ​ autonomy(make decisions within scope of licensure 2.​ Explain the aims of nursing and the role of the nurse. ​ Aims- are promotion( promoting nutritional wellness), Prevention(like by vaccines), restoration(helping to get back and healthy, can be with using medicine or therapy), and to help with coping(helping patient or family when death occurs or is about to occur, maximize strengths)  ​ Role of nurse - care provider, advocate, collaborator, educator, charge agent, researcher, manager, and leader 3.​ Discuss the effects of nursing organizations, standards of nursing practice, nurse practice acts, and the nursing process ​ Effects of nursing organizations- -QSEN INSTITUTE(quality and safety education for nurses): educates nurses on importance of patient centered care, teamwork and collaboration, quality improvement, safety, evidence-based practice, and using informatics(using technology/computing systems) -NLN(national league for nursing): an organization that provides leadership in nursing education, focusing on promoting excellence in nursing education to build a strong and diverse nursing workforce.They watch for trends in nursing -AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION( ANA)- represents the interests of nurses, created nursing standards and guidelines -ACCREDITION COMISSION FOR EDUCATION IN NURSING(ACEN)- accredits nursing education programs -NATIONAL STUDENT NURSES ASSOCIATION- supports nursing students. It provides resources, opportunities for professional development, and advocates for the interests of students in nursing programs. 4.​ Analyze current trends in nursing. ​ Diversity, technology(getting better), dynamic environment(evolving), increasing complexity, rising cost, healthy policy, 5.​ Describe evidence-based practice in nursing, including the rationale for its use. -making clinical decisions based on the best available, current research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences.Goal is to provide the highest standard of care. It solves problems as the base for nursing interventions and guidelines, and data analysis. 6.​ Define law and describe four sources of law. - definition of law: rules and standard of conduct established and enforced by a government , it helps protect public and maintain order 4 sources of law -constitution: fundamental laws that establish a framework of government and serfe as guidelines to legislative bodies -Statutory law: laws enacted by legislatures at the federal state/local levels  -administrative law: empowered by executive officers;includes rules and regulations created by administrative agencies to carry out statutory laws -common law: law developed through judicial decisions and court cases. Here judicial system recognized controversies and creates body of common law 7.​ Describe the professional and legal regulation of nursing practice. -Standards of practice:guidelines developed by professional organizations that define the acceptable level of care for nurses -Credentialing:process of verifying and recognising the nurses qualifications, grants license to practice nursing -Certification: voluntary recognition of specialized knowledge and skills in a particular area in nursing -Nurse practice act is a state law that defines the scope of nursing practice, sets qualifications for nursing licensure and outlines disciplinary actions 8.​ Identify grounds for suspending or revoking a license or registration. -Can be from substance abuse, fraud, deception, criminal acts, multiple cases ,negligence, and impairments(physical/mental). -process is investigation, hearing, and decision 9.​ Differentiate between intentional torts (assault and battery, defamation, invasion of privacy, false imprisonment, fraud) and unintentional torts (negligence). -assault-threatening to touch a person w/o there consent -Battery:touching someone w/o their consent -defamation:someone makes a false statement about another person that harms their reputation. -invasion of privacy:HIPPA -False imprisonment: using a restraint on a patient w/o an order -fraud: misrepresentation made by individuals or organizations to gain something of value, such as money, by falsifying information related to healthcare services 10.​Evaluate personal areas of potential liability in nursing. -Negligence:Not providing the care the patient needs, like forgetting to check vital signs or give medication. - Medication Errors: -Not Following Hospital Rules: - Confidentiality Breach: - Assault or Battery: -Informed Consent:Not explaining a procedure or treatment properly to a patient before they agree to it. -Professional Misconduct: -Poor Documentation: 11.​Explain important legal aspects and laws affecting nursing practice. -Types of laws affecting nursing practice: criminal law, and civil law -Tort: civil wrong that results in harm to another person, there's intentional and Unintentional. Unintentional in the nursing practice is malpractice and negligence.Intentional in the nursing practice is battery, assault, false imprisonment, invasion of privacy(HIPAA). -Legal issues guiding practice: informed consent, organ donations, rights, advanced directives, DNR(legal document), Licensure 12.​ Discuss the role of ethics in professional nursing. -ethics helps set a guide of principles that all members of a profession accept. Helps professional groups settle questions about practice or behavior. Includes responsibility,accountability, and confidentiality. 13.​ Discuss the role of values in the study of ethics. -alturism:concern for the welfare and well-being of others;respect for cultures and beliefs. -Autonomy: right to make your own choices. -Integrity: honest framework -social justice: treating everyone the same; equal access 14.​ Understand basic philosophies of health care ethics. 15.​ Explain a nursing perspective in ethics. -Focuses on providing care that is not only clinically effective but also morally sound, with an emphasis on the well-being, dignity, and rights of the patient. 16.​ Apply critical thinking to ethical dilemmas. -using careful reasoning and evaluation to make informed, fair, and morally sound decisions. -Steps to do this is 1)ask yourself if this is an ethical problem? 2) gather as much info as you can that is relevant to the situation 3)examine/determine the ethics and values involved4)verbalize and name the problem5) consider possible courses of action6)negotiate the outcome by creating and implementing a plan of action 7)evaluate the action 17.​ Discuss contemporary ethical issues. ​ Futile care- interventions unlikely to produce benefit to the patient ​ Quality of life- Physician-assisted suicide, DNR, and cancer treatment all center around this issuee ​ Allocating scarce resources- raises questions about access to care ​ Data access and sharing- HIPPA ​ The nursing shortage- produces difficult working conditions and affects client outcome  18.​Explain how the human dimensions, basic human needs, and self-concept influence health and illness. ​ 19.​Summarize the role of the nurse in promoting health, preventing illness, and addressing disparities in health care. ​ Health promotion: the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health 20.​Explain the levels of prevention. -Primary: Prevent disease and maintain health( overall wellness. Can be obtained by sayind importance of handwashing or working out -Secondary: Screenings: early detection of disease, prompt diagnosis and treatment. Example is an mri or pap smear -Tertiry: Treat; after diagnosis and treatment-reduce disbility and rehabilitation 21.​Describe each level of Maslow’s hierarchy of basic human needs. From most priority to least priority levels ​ Physiological- Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, and excretion ​ Safety- Security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, and of property ​ Love/Belonging- Friendship, family, and sexual intimacy ​ Esteem- Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, and respect by others. ​ Self-actualization- morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, and acceptance of facts. 22.​Explain nursing care necessary to meet needs for each level of Maslow’s hierarchy. ​ Physiological Needs (Basic Survival Needs) ○​ Nursing Care: ​ For patients who are critically ill, focus on airway management, IV fluid therapy, or feeding support (e.g., NG tube, TPN). ​ Safety and Security Needs ○​ Nursing Care: ​ Prevent injury by ensuring the environment is free of hazards (e.g., using side rails, fall precautions). ​ Administer medications safely, double-checking dosages and monitoring for side effects. ​ Provide clear communication and education to reduce fear or anxiety about procedures or conditions. ​ Protect patient privacy and confidentiality. ​ Foster trust by being consistent, reliable, and compassionate in care. ​ Love and Belonging Needs ○​ Nursing Care: ​ Encourage family involvement in the patient’s care plan (as appropriate). ​ Facilitate visits or communication with loved ones if the patient is isolated. ​ Provide emotional support and active listening to make the patient feel valued. ​ Offer opportunities for group activities or social interactions (e.g., in long-term care settings). ​ Advocate for culturally sensitive care to respect the patient’s beliefs and traditions. ​ Self-Esteem Needs ○​ Nursing Care: ​ Support the patient in achieving independence (e.g., encouraging them to perform ADLs if capable). ​ Praise and reinforce the patient’s progress or efforts in rehabilitation or recovery. ​ Provide education about their condition, enabling them to feel confident managing their health. ​ Respect the patient’s choices and involve them in decision-making about their care plan. ​ Address changes in body image or identity (e.g., after surgery or trauma) with sensitivity and counseling if needed. ​ Self-Actualization Needs ○​ Nursing Care: ​ Encourage the patient to set and pursue achievable goals for recovery or life post-treatment. ​ Support activities that give the patient a sense of purpose, such as hobbies or spiritual practices. ​ Provide access to resources like support groups, counseling, or rehabilitation programs. ​ Foster hope and positivity about the future, emphasizing their strengths and abilities. ​ Celebrate milestones and accomplishments, no matter how small. 23.​Explain the Nursing Process as a critical thinking model for clinical decision-making. What is critical thinking? An active, organized, cognitive, process used to carefully examine one's own thinking and thinking of others.  How to RN’s use it? -​ Assess(constantly assessing, the min you walk in the room, even hearing sounds outside the room that might need care STAT, getting data) -​ Diagnose/Analyze (use data acquired from assessments) -​ Plan intervention (plan care) -​ Implement interventions( do the interventions that are gonna get you closer to the goal based on the problem) -​ Evaluate (determine what was the effect of the interventions , was it effective?) What does critical thinking involve -Nursing judgement( make decisions based on issues , an example is being short staffed) -Nursing judgment separates RN’s from others( developed and exercised throughout the care of the patient. Autonomy, we are empowered to make decisions based on the data obtained) -for complex problems you must use dynamic thinking and action( you can't just use google. Every patient situation is unique) How RN’s critically think -Investigate ( what is the cause of the problem -honest and objective( tolerant to different views) -anticipate conditions and responses (be prepared for certain results or consequences) -organized and focus -accept multiple solutions can be possible( try the best one) -stay current in best practice( uses updated evidence-based practice 24.​Discuss the nursing process and each of its five steps. Assess(constantly assessing, the min you walk in the room, even hearing sounds outside the room that might need care STAT, getting data) Diagnose/Analyze (use data acquired from assessments to identify patients strengths and weaknesses) Plan intervention (plan care that is specific to patient outcome and use relating nursing interventions) Implement interventions( do the interventions that are gonna get you closer to the goal based on the problem) Evaluate (determine what was the effect of the interventions , was it effective?measure the extent to which the patient reached the wanted goal) This process will begin over and over again 25.​List three patient benefits and three nursing benefits of using the nursing process correctly. ​ Patient Benefits of Using the Nursing Process Correctly: ○​ Individualized Care: Patients receive care tailored to their specific needs, preferences, and conditions, promoting better outcomes.  ○​ Improved Patient Outcomes: Systematic assessment and planning ensure interventions are evidence-based and effective, reducing complications and enhancing recovery. ○​ Enhanced Communication: The process fosters clear communication between the healthcare team and patients, ensuring understanding and active participation in care. ​ Nursing Benefits of Using the Nursing Process Correctly: ○​ Organized Framework: Provides a structured method for critical thinking and problem-solving, making nursing care more efficient. ○​ Professional Growth: Encourages ongoing learning and reflection, enabling nurses to improve their skills and confidence in clinical decision-making. ○​ Improved Collaboration: Promotes teamwork and effective communication within the healthcare team by using a common language and plan of care. 26.​Plan patient assessments by identifying assessment priorities and structuring the data to be collected systematically. 27.​Describe the term nursing diagnosis, distinguishing it from a collaborative problem and a medical diagnosis. -Nursing Diagnosis: Describes patient problems nurses can treat by themselves. This is made by a nurse and focuses on the patient's response to health conditions or life processes(that were in the medical diagnosis). It considers both physical and emotional needs. Example; patient has an altered breathing pattern and an ineffective airway clearance -Medical diagnosis: This is made by a physician (or other medical professional) and identifies a disease or condition based on symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, and medical history. It focuses on the pathology or medical condition of the patient. Example; patient has pneumonia) 28.​Use the guidelines for writing nursing diagnoses when developing diagnostic statements. -​ Use NANDA NURSING DIAGNOSIS -​ Example : Ineffective Breathing Pattern -​ Having right diagnosis helps communicate needs and will equal right interventions being used -​ 29.​Discuss the purpose and benefits of outcome identification and planning Purpose of Outcome Identification and Planning: 1.​ Setting Clear Goals: This step allows nurses to set specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound (SMART) goals for the patient’s care. These goals guide the nurse’s interventions and provide a clear direction for the nursing care plan. 2.​ Individualized Care: Through outcome identification, nurses can create a personalized care plan that focuses on the unique needs and preferences of each patient, ensuring that the care is relevant and patient-centered. 3.​ Prioritizing Care: Planning helps to identify the most urgent needs of the patient, ensuring that critical issues are addressed first. It also helps organize the care process to avoid confusion or overlooked needs. 4.​ Collaboration: The planning process encourages collaboration between the nursing team, the patient, and other healthcare professionals. Input from the patient ensures that the plan reflects their values, preferences, and goals, which enhances patient engagement. 5.​ Evaluate Progress: Outcome identification provides measurable criteria that allow nurses to evaluate whether the interventions are effective and whether the patient is moving toward their health goals. Improved Patient Care: By identifying specific outcomes, nurses can tailor interventions to meet those goals, ensuring better quality care. It also reduces the chances of overlooking important aspects of care. Enhanced Communication: A clear care plan improves communication among the healthcare team, the patient, and their family. Everyone involved understands the patient’s goals and the plan to achieve them, fostering teamwork and consistency. Increased Accountability: Nursing outcomes and planning make it clear what is expected from the nurse, providing accountability for patient care. It helps nurses track their interventions and monitor the patient’s progress. Better Patient Outcomes: Outcome identification ensures that the patient’s needs are continuously addressed in a systematic way. By regularly assessing and updating the plan, nurses can ensure more effective care and better health outcomes. Legal and Ethical Protection: Well-documented outcome identification and care plans help to protect the nurse and healthcare facility legally. They show that appropriate, evidence-based care was planned and delivered in response to the patient’s condition. Resource Management: Planning allows for efficient use of healthcare resources by clearly identifying what interventions are needed, avoiding unnecessary treatments, and ensuring that the right resources are allocated to meet the patient’s needs.  30.​Develop a plan of nursing care with properly constructed outcomes and related nursing interventions. S : specific M :measurable A : achievable​ R: realistic/ relevant T : time frame ( when we want it done) Example : the patient will reduce caloric intake as measured by weight loss of 1-2 pounds per week totally 12 pounds or more within 3 months -goal is;weightloss -outcome criteria(how it will be measured): 1-2 pounds/a week -time frame- 3 months