QM Winter 2025 Test 1 Review Concept PDF

**For each of the below make sure you can answer in 1-2 sentences, unless otherwise specified.** 1. Explain at least two different reasons that statistics has gained popularity since it began about 200 years ago. 2. Why did the social sciences specifically shift towards more quantitative...

**For each of the below make sure you can answer in 1-2 sentences, unless otherwise specified.** 1. Explain at least two different reasons that statistics has gained popularity since it began about 200 years ago. 2. Why did the social sciences specifically shift towards more quantitative analysis? 3. When is qualitative research more appropriate? 4. When is quantitative research more appropriate? 5. Which statistical knowledge did you use today, possibly without realizing you were using statistics? 6. Name an advantage and a disadvantage discussed in class for at least 3 of the ways that we acquire knowledge (experience, authority, common sense, media, science). 7. What is the difference between research question and hypothesis? 8. What is the difference between theory and hypothesis? 9. What makes a good hypothesis (can you explain falsifiable, directional, and parsimonious)? 10. Be able to write multiple hypothesis related to a given research questions. Make sure the hypotheses meets all the criteria of a good hypothesis. 11. Be able to operationalize any variable (for example income, intelligence, memory) to be a nominal variable. An ordinal variable. Or an interval/ratio variable. 12. What is the difference between primary and secondary data? Give an example of each. 13. Why are samples more often used in research instead of populations? 14. What are the three criteria necessary for a true random sample? 15. Describe at least 2 issues would you have if you wanted to collect a random sample of Canadians. 16. What is sampling bias? 17. What is response bias? 18. What is observer bias? 19. Explain what it means that questions in a survey categories must be mutually exclusive and mutually exhaustive. 20. What is the advantage of the experimental method, over other methods of data collection? 21. Describe the difference between data fudging and data misrepresentation. 22. Be able to determine the difference between Independent and dependent variables in a research scenario. 23. Be able to determine a confounding variable in a research scenario. 24. What is the difference between reliability and validity (think of a clock). 25. Explain the replication crisis in social sciences. 26. What is the difference between proportion and percentage. How do you go from one to the other? 27. Be able to use ratios to estimate the number of people that would be from a group if the sample size was different. 28. Be able to interpret formulas that include Greek letters to obtain the correct answer, using order of operation when necessary and rounding according to APA rules. 29. Be able to interpret crosstables, like this one.A screenshot of a white sheet AI-generated content may be incorrect. a. Which is the independent/dependent variable b. What are possible confounds of the experiment/results c. Who is more likely to get high grades? Make sure you know which calculation is required. 30. Be able to create a grouped frequency distribution table with the below data. Let's say you're asked to make 5 class intervals (groups). For example: 16 students were asked how much they work during the academic year. These were their responses. 5 10 15 20 25 16 7 10 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 15 46 10 20 25 10 22 0 a. The table should include include frequency, rf, %, cf, and c%. b. Be able to interpret numbers in the table with sentences -- as we practiced in class. Be able to draw a properly labelled bar chart or histogram from the frequency table.