The Ultimate Python Handbook PDF

 PREFACE Welcome to the "Ultimate Python Programming Handbook,\" your comprehensive guide to mastering Python programming. This handbook is designed for beginners and anyone looking to strengthen their foundational knowledge of Python, a versatile and user-friendly programming...

 PREFACE Welcome to the "Ultimate Python Programming Handbook,\" your comprehensive guide to mastering Python programming. This handbook is designed for beginners and anyone looking to strengthen their foundational knowledge of Python, a versatile and user-friendly programming language. PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE This handbook aims to make programming accessible and enjoyable for everyone. Whether you\'re a student new to coding, a professional seeking to enhance your skills, or an enthusiast exploring Python, this handbook will definitely be helpful. Python\'s simplicity and readability make it an ideal starting point for anyone interested in programming. STRUCTURE AND CONTENT The handbook is divided into clear, concise chapters, each focused on a specific aspect of Python: WHY PYTHON? Python is known for its simplicity and readability, making it perfect for beginners. It is a high-level, interpreted language with a broad range of libraries and frameworks, supporting applications in web development, data analysis, AI, and more. Python\'s versatility and ease of use make it a valuable tool for both novice and experienced programmers. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend my gratitude to the educators, programmers, and contributors who have shared their knowledge and insights, shaping the content of this handbook. Special thanks to all the students watching my content on YouTube and Python community for maintaining a supportive and inspiring environment for learners worldwide. CONCLUSION Learning programming can be both exciting and challenging. The "Ultimate Python\ Programming Handbook\" aims to make your journey smooth and rewarding. Watch my video along with following this handbook for optimal learning. Let this guide be your stepping stone to success in the world of programming. 1  CONTENTS PREFACE \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 1 Purpose and Audience \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 1 Structure and Content \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 1 Why Python? \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 1 Acknowledgements \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 1 Conclusion \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 1 Contents \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 2 Python programming Handbook \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 6 What is Programming? \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 6 What is Python? \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 6 Features of Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 6 Installation \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 6 Chapter 1 -- Modules, Comments & pip \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 7 Modules \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 7 pip \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 7 Types of Modules \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 7 Using python as a calculator \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 7 Comments \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 7 Types of Comments \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 7 Chapter 1 -- Practice Set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 9 Chapter 2 -- Variables and Datatype \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 10 Data Types \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 10 Rules for choosing an identifier \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 10 Operators in Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 10 type() function and typecasting. \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 11 input() Function \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 11 Chapter 2 -- Practice Set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 12 Chapter 3 -- Strings \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 13 String Slicing \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 13 Slicing With Skip Value \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 14 String Functions \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 14 Escape Sequence Characters \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 15 Chapter 3 -- Practice Set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 16 Chapter 4 -- Lists And Tuples \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 17 List Indexing \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 17 2 List methods. \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 17 Tuples in Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 17 Tuple Methods \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 17 Chapter 4 - Practice Set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 19 Chapter 5 -- Dictionary & Sets \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 20 Properties of Python Dictionaries \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 20 Dictionary Methods \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 20 Sets in Python. \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 20 Properties of Sets \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 21 Operations on sets \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 21 Chapter 5 -- Practice Set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 22 Chapter 6 -- Conditional Expression \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 23 If Else and Elif in Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 23 Code example. \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 23 Relational Operators \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 24 Logical Operators \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 24 Elif clause \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 24 Important notes: \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 24 Chapter 6 -- Practice Set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 25 Chapter 7 -- Loops in Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 26 Types of Loops in Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 26 While loop \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 26 For loop \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 27 range() Function in Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 27 An Example Demonstrating range() function. \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 27 For Loop with Else \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 27 The Break Statement \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 27 The Continue Statement \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 28 Pass statement \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 28 Chapter 7 -- Practice Set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 29 Chapter 8 -- Functions & Recursions \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 30 Example and syntax of a function \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 30 Function call \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 30 Function Definition \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 30 Types of Functions in Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 30 Functions with Arguments \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 30 Default Parameter Value \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 31 3  Recursion \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 31 Chapter 8 -- Practice Set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 33 Project 1: Snake, Water, Gun Game \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 34 Chapter 9 -- File I/O \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 35 Type of Files. \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 35 Opening a File \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 35 Reading a File in Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 35 Other methods to read the file. \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 36 Modes of opening a file \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 36 Write Files in Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 36 With Statement \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 36 Chapter 9 -- Practice Set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 37 Chapter 10 - Object Oriented Programming \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 38 Class\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 38 Object \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 38 Modelling a problem in OOPs \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 38 Class Attributes \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 38 Instance attributes \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 39 self parameter \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 39 static method \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 39 \_\_init\_\_() constructor \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 40 Chapter 10 -- Practice Set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 41 Chapter 11 - Inheritance & more on OOPs \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 42 Types of Inheritance \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 42 Single Inheritance \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 42 Multiple Inheritance \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 43 Multilevel Inheritance \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 43 super() method \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 43 class method \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 44 \@property Decorators \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 44 @.getters and @.setters \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 44 Operator Overloading in Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 44 Chapter 11- Practice set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 46 Project 2 -- The Perfect Guess \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 47 Chapter 12 -- Advanced Python 1 \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 48 Newly added features in python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 48 Walrus Operator \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 48 4 Types Definitions in Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 48 Advanced Type Hints \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 48 Match Case \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 49 Dictionary Merge & Update Operators \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 49 Exception handling in Python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 50 Raising Exceptions \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 50 try with else clause \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 50 try with finally \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 51 If \_\_name\_\_== '\_\_main\_\_' in python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 51 The global keyword \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 51 enumerate function in python \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 51 List comprehensions \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 51 Chapter 12 -- Practice set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 52 Chapter 13 -- Advanced Python 2 \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 53 Virtual envirionment \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 53 Installation \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 53 pip freeze command \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 53 Lambda functions \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 53 join method (strings) \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 54 format method (strings) \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 54 Map, Filter & Reduce \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 54 Chapter 13 -- Practice Set \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 56 MEGA Project 1: Jarvis \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 57 Features \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 57 Workflow \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 57 Libraries Used\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 58 Mega Project 2: Auto Reply AI Chatbot \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 59 Description \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 59 Features \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 59 Workflow \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\..... 59 Libraries Used\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 60 5  PYTHON PROGRAMMING HANDBOOK WHAT IS PROGRAMMING? Just like we use Hindi or English to communicate with each other, we use a programming language like Python to communicate with the computer. Programming is a way to instruct the computer to perform various tasks. WHAT IS PYTHON? Python is a simple and easy to understand language which feels like reading simple English. This Pseudo code nature is easy to learn and understandable by beginners. FEATURES OF PYTHON INSTALLATION Python can be easily installed from[python.org.](https://www.python.org/) When you click on the download button, python can be installed right after you complete the setup by executing the file for your platform. 6 CHAPTER 1 -- MODULES, COMMENTS & PIP Let's write our very first python program. Create a file called hello.py and paste the below code in it. print(\"hello world\") \# print is a function (more later) Execute this file (.py file) by typing python hello.py and you will see Hello World printed on the screen. MODULES A module is a file containing code written by somebody else (usually) which can be imported and used in our programs. PIP Pip is the package manager for python. You can use pip to install a module on your system. pip install flask \# Installs Flask Module TYPES OF MODULES There are two types of modules in Python. 1.Built in Modules (Preinstalled in Python)\ 2.External Modules (Need to install using pip) Some examples of built in modules are os, random etc. Some examples of external modules are tensorflow, flask etc. USING PYTHON AS A CALCULATOR We can use python as a calculator by typing "python" + ↵ on the terminal. This opens **REPL** or Read Evaluate Print Loop. COMMENTS Comments are used to write something which the programmer does not want to execute. This can be used to mark author name, date etc. TYPES OF COMMENTS There are two types of comments in python. 7  8 CHAPTER 1 -- PRACTICE SET 9  CHAPTER 2 -- VARIABLES AND DATATYPE A variable is the name given to a memory location in a program. For example. a=30\# variables = container to store a value. b=\"harry\"\# keywords = reserved words in python\ c=71.22\# identifiers = class/function/variable name DATA TYPES Primarily these are the following data types in Python: Python is a fantastic language that automatically identifies the type of data for us. a=71\# identifies a as class \ b=88.44 \# identifies b as class \name=\"harry\"\# identifies name as class \ RULES FOR CHOOSING AN IDENTIFIER Examples of a few variable names are: harry, one8, seven, \_seven etc. OPERATORS IN PYTHON Following are some common operators in python: 10 TYPE() FUNCTION AND TYPECASTING. type() function is used to find the data type of a given variable in python. a =31\ type(a) \# class \ b =\"31\"\ type (b) \# class \ A number can be converted into a string and vice versa (if possible) There are many functions to convert one data type into another. str(31) =\>\"31\"\# integer to string conversion int(\"32\") =\>32\# string to integer conversion float(32) =\>32.0\# integer to float conversion... and so, on Here \"31\" is a string literal and 31 a numeric literal. INPUT () FUNCTION This function allows the user to take input from the keyboard as a string. A =input (\"enter name\") \# if a is \"harry\", the user entered harry It is important to note that the output of input is always a string (even is a number is entered). 11  CHAPTER 2 -- PRACTICE SET 12 CHAPTER 3 -- STRINGS String is a data type in python. String is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes. We can primarily write a string in these three ways. a =\'harry\'\# Single quoted string b =\"harry\"\# Double quoted string c =\'\'\'harry\'\'\'\# Triple quoted string STRING SLICING A string in python can be sliced for getting a part of the strings. Consider the following string: The index in a sting starts from 0 to (length -1) in Python. In order to slice a string, we use the following syntax: **Negative Indices:** Negative indices can also be used as shown in the figure above. -1 corresponds to the (length - 1) index, -2 to (length - 2). 13  SLICING WITH SKIP VALUE We can provide a skip value as a part of our slice like this: word =\"amazing\" word\[1: 6: 2\] \# \"mzn\" Other advanced slicing techniques: Word =\"amazing\" Word = \[:7\] \# word \[0:7\] -- \'amazing\' Word = \[0:\] \# word \[0:7\] -- \'amazing\' STRING FUNCTIONS Some of the commonly used functions to perform operations on or manipulate strings are as follows. Let us assume there is a string 'str' as follows: Now when operated on this string 'str', these functions do the following: 14 ESCAPE SEQUENCE CHARACTERS Sequence of characters after backslash \"\\\" → Escape Sequence characters Escape Sequence characters comprise of more than one character but represent one character when used within the strings. 15  CHAPTER 3 -- PRACTICE SET 16 CHAPTER 4 -- LISTS AND TUPLES Python lists are containers to store a set of values of any data type. LIST INDEXING A list can be indexed just like a string. l1= \[7,9,\"harry\"\] l1\[0\] \# 7\ l1\[1\] \# 9\ l1\[70\] \# error\ l1\[0:2\] \# \[7,9\] \#list slicing LIST METHODS. Consider the following list: l1= \[1,8,7,2,21,15\] TUPLES IN PYTHON A tuple is an immutable data type in python. a = () \# empty tuple\ a = (1,) \# tuple with only one element needs a comma a = (1,7,2) \# tuple with more than one element TUPLE METHODS Consider the following tuple. 17  a = (1, 7, 2) 18 CHAPTER 4 - PRACTICE SET 19  CHAPTER 5 -- DICTIONARY & SETS Dictionary is a collection of keys-value pairs. ***Syntax:*** a = {\ \"key\": \"value\",\ \"harry\": \"code\",\ \"marks\": \"100\",\ \"list\": \[1, 2, 9\]\ } print(a\[\"key\"\]) \# Output: \"value\"\ print(a\[\"list\"\]) \# Output: \[1, 2, 9\] PROPERTIES OF PYTHON DICTIONARIES DICTIONARY METHODS Consider the following dictionary. a={\"name\":\"harry\"\ \"from\":\"india\"\ \"marks\":\[92,98,96\]} More methods are available on[docs.python.org](https://docs.python.org/) SETS IN PYTHON. Set is a collection of non-repetitive elements. s =set() \# no repetition allowed! s.add(1)\ s.add(2) \# or set ={1,2} 20 If you are a programming beginner without much knowledge of mathematical operations on sets, you can simply look at sets in python as data types containing unique values. PROPERTIES OF SETS OPERATIONS ON SETS Consider the following set: s = {1,8,2,3} 21  CHAPTER 5 -- PRACTICE SET 22 CHAPTER 6 -- CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION Sometimes we want to play PUBG on our phone if the day is Sunday. Sometimes we order Ice Cream online if the day is sunny. Sometimes we go hiking if our parents allow. All these are decisions which depend on a condition being met. In python programming too, we must be able to execute instructions on a condition(s) being met. This is what conditionals are for! IF ELSE AND ELIF IN PYTHON If else and elif statements are a multiway decision taken by our program due to certain conditions in our code. ***Syntax:*** if (condition1): \# if condition1 is True print (\"yes\") elif(condition2): \# if condition2 is True print(\"no\") else: \# otherwise\ print(\"maybe\") CODE EXAMPLE. a=22\ if(a\>9):\ print(\"greater\")\ else:\ print(\"lesser\") **Quick Quiz:** Write a program to print yes when the age entered by the user is greater than or equal to 18. 23  RELATIONAL OPERATORS Relational Operators are used to evaluate conditions inside the if statements. Some examples of relational operators are: ==: equals. \> =: greater than/ equal to. \< =: lesser than/ equal to. LOGICAL OPERATORS In python logical operators operate on conditional statements. For Example: ELIF CLAUSE elif in python means \[else if\]. An if statements can be chained together with a lot of these elif statements followed by an else statement. if (condition1):\ \#code\ elif (condition2): \# this ladder will stop once a condition in an if or elif is met. \#code\ elif(condition3):\ \#code\ else:\ \#code IMPORTANT NOTES: 24 CHAPTER 6 -- PRACTICE SET 25  CHAPTER 7 -- LOOPS IN PYTHON Sometimes we want to repeat a set of statements in our program. For instance: Print 1 to 1000. Loops make it easy for a programmer to tell the computer which set of instructions to repeat and how! TYPES OF LOOPS IN PYTHON Primarily there are two types of loops in python. while loops\ for loops\ We will look into these one by one. WHILE LOOP\ ***Syntax:*** while (condition): \# The block keeps executing until the condition is true In while loops, the condition is checked first. If it evaluates to true, the body of the loop is executed otherwise not! If the loop is entered, the process of \[condition check & execution\] is continued until the condition becomes False. **Quick Quiz: Write a program to print 1 to 50 using a while loop.** ***Example:*** i =0 while i \3: \# Output: List is too long (5 elements, expected \ syntax for function return types. \# Variable type hint age: int = 25 \# Function type hints def greeting(name: str) -\> str: \# Usage print(greeting(\"Alice\")) \# Output: Hello, Alice! ADVANCED TYPE HINTS\ Python\'s typing module provides more advanced type hints, such as List, Tuple, Dict, and Union. You can import List, Tuple and Dict types from the typing module like this: from typing import List, Tuple, Dict, Union 48 The syntax of types looks something like this: from typing import List, Tuple, Dict, Union \# List of integers\ numbers: List\[int\] = \[1, 2, 3, 4, 5\] \# Tuple of a string and an integer\ person: Tuple\[str, int\] = (\"Alice\", 30) \# Dictionary with string keys and integer values scores: Dict\[str, int\] = {\"Alice\": 90, \"Bob\": 85} \# Union type for variables that can hold multiple types identifier: Union\[int, str\] = \"ID123\"\ identifier = 12345\# Also valid These annotations help in making the code self-documenting and allow developers to understand the data structures used at a glance. MATCH CASE Python 3.10 introduced the match statement, which is similar to the switch statement found in other programming languages. The basic syntax of the match statement involves matching a variable against several cases using the case keyword. def http\_status(status):\ match status:\ case200:\ return\"OK\"\ case404:\ return\"Not Found\"\ case500:\ return\"Internal Server Error\" case \_:\ return\"Unknown status\" \# Usage\ print(http\_status(200)) \# Output: OK\ print(http\_status(404)) \# Output: Not Found\ print(http\_status(500)) \# Output: Internal Server Error print(http\_status(403)) \# Output: Unknown status DICTIONARY MERGE & UPDATE OPERATORS New operators \| and \|= allow for merging and updating dictionaries. 49  dict1 = {\'a\': 1, \'b\': 2}\ dict2 = {\'b\': 3, \'c\': 4}\ merged = dict1 \| dict2\ print(merged) \# Output: {\'a\': 1, \'b\': 3, \'c\': 4} You can now use multiple context managers in a single with statement more cleanly using the parenthesised context manager with (\ open(\'file1.txt\') as f1,\ open(\'file2.txt\') as f2\ ):\ \# Process files EXCEPTION HANDLING IN PYTHON There are many built-in exceptions which are raised in python when something goes wrong. Exception in python can be handled using a try statement. The code that handles the exception is written in the except clause. try:\ \# Code which might throw exception exceptExceptionase:\ print(e) When the exception is handled, the code flow continues without program interruption. We can also specify the exception to catch like below: try:\ \# Code\ exceptZeroDivisionError:\ \# Code\ exceptTypeError:\ \# Code\ except:\ \# Code \# All other exceptions are handled here. RAISING EXCEPTIONS We can raise custom exceptions using the 'raise' keyword in python. TRY WITH ELSE CLAUSE Sometimes we want to run a piece of code when try was successful. 50 try:\ \# Somecode\ except:\ \# Somecode\ else:\ \# Code \# This is executed only if the try was successful TRY WITH FINALLY Python offers a 'finally' clause which ensures execution of a piece of code inspective of the exception. try:\ \# Some Code\ except:\ \# Some Code\ finally:\ \# Some Code \# Executed regardless of error! IF \_\_NAME\_\_== '\_\_MAIN\_\_' IN PYTHON '\_\_name\_\_' evaluates to the name of the module in python from where the program is ran. If the module is being run directly from the command line, the ' \_\_name\_\_' is set to string "\_\_main\_\_". Thus, this behaviour is used to check whether the module is run directly or imported to another file. THE GLOBAL KEYWORD 'global' keyword is used to modify the variable outside of the current scope. ENUMERATE FUNCTION IN PYTHON The 'enumerate' function adds counter to an iterable and returns it fori,itemin list1:\ print(i,item) \# Prints the items of list 1 with index LIST COMPREHENSIONS List Comprehension is an elegant way to create lists based on existing lists. list1= \[1,7,12,11,22,\]\ list2= \[i foriteminlist1if item \>8\] 51  CHAPTER 12 -- PRACTICE SET 1\. Write a program to open three files 1.txt, 2.txt and 3.txt if any these files are not present, a message without exiting the program must be printed prompting the same. 2. Write a program to print third, fifth and seventh element from a list using enumerate function. 3\. Write a list comprehension to print a list which contains the multiplication table of a user entered number. 4\. Write a program to display a/b where a and b are integers. If b=0, display infinite by handling the 'ZeroDivisionError'. 5\. Store the multiplication tables generated in problem 3 in a file named Tables.txt. 52 CHAPTER 13 -- ADVANCED PYTHON 2 VIRTUAL ENVIRIONMENT An environment which is same as the system interpreter but is isolated from the other Python environments on the system. INSTALLATION To use virtual environments, we write: pip install virtualenv \# Install the package We create a new environment using: virtualenv myprojectenv \# Creates a new venv The next step after creating the virtual environment is to activate it. We can now use this virtual environment as a separate Python installation. PIP FREEZE COMMAND 'pip freeze' returns all the package installed in a given python environment along with the versions. pip freeze \> requirements.txt The above command creates a file named 'requirements.txt' in the same directory containing the output of 'pip freeze'. We can distribute this file to other users, and they can recreate the same environment using: pip install --r requirements.txt LAMBDA FUNCTIONS Function created using an expression using 'lambda' keyword. ***Syntax:*** lambdaarguments:expressions \# can be used as a normal function ***Example:*** square=lambdax:x\*x square(6) \# returns 36\ sum=lambdaa,b,c:a+b+c 53  sum(1,2,3) \# returns 6 JOIN METHOD (STRINGS) Creates a string from iterable objects. l = \[\"apple\", \"mango\", \"banana\"\]\ result =\", and, \".join(l)\ print(result) The above line will return "apple,and,mango,and,banana". FORMAT METHOD (STRINGS) Formats the values inside the string into a desired output. template.format(p1,p2\...) ***Syntax:*** \"{} is a good {}\".format(\"harry\", \"boy\") \#1. \"{} is a good {o}\".format(\"harry\", \"boy\") \#2. \# output for 1:\ \# harry is a good boy \# output for 2:\ \# boy is a good harry MAP, FILTER & REDUCE Map applies a function to all the items in an input\_list. ***Syntax.*** map(function, input\_list)\ \# the function can be lambda function Filter creates a list of items for which the function returns true. list(filter(function))\ \# the function can be lambda function Reduce applies a rolling computation to sequential pair of elements. fromfunctoolsimportreduce\ val=reduce (function,list1)\ \# the function can be lambda function 54 If the function computes sum of two numbers and the list is \[1,2,3,4\] 55  CHAPTER 13- PRACTICE SET 1\. Create two virtual environments, install few packages in the first one. How do you create a similar environment in the second one? 2\. Write a program to input name, marks and phone number of a student and format it using the format function like below:\ "The name of the student is Harry, his marks are 72 and phone number is 99999888" 3. A list contains the multiplication table of 7. write a program to convert it to vertical string of same numbers. 4\. Write a program to filter a list of numbers which are divisible by 5. 5\. Write a program to find the maximum of the numbers in a list using the reduce function. 6\. Run pip freeze for the system interpreter. Take the contents and create a similar virtualenv. 7\. Explore the 'Flask' module and create a web server using Flask & Python. 56 MEGA PROJECT 1: JARVIS - VOICE-ACTIVATED VIRTUAL ASSISTANT Jarvis is a voice-activated virtual assistant designed to perform tasks such as web browsing, playing music, fetching news, and responding to user queries using OpenAI\'s GPT-3.5-turbo model. FEATURES Voice Recognition\ Utilizes the speech\_recognition library to listen for and recognize voice commands. Activates upon detecting the wake word \"Jarvis.\"\ Text-to-Speech\ Converts text to speech using pyttsx3 for local conversion. Uses gTTS (Google Text-to-Speech) and pygame for playback. Web Browsing. Opens websites like Google, Facebook, YouTube, and LinkedIn based on voice commands. Music Playback\ Interfaces with a musicLibrary module to play songs via web links. News Fetching\ Fetches and reads the latest news headlines using NewsAPI. OpenAI Integration\ Handles complex queries and generates responses using OpenAI\'s GPT-3.5-turbo. Acts as a general virtual assistant similar to Alexa or Google Assistant. Activates upon detecting the wake word \"Jarvis.\" Text-to-Speech WORKFLOW 1.Initialization\ 2.Greets the user with \"Initializing Jarvis\....\" 3.Wake Word Detection\ 4.Listens for the wake word \"Jarvis.\"\ 5.Acknowledges activation by saying \"Ya.\" 6.Command Processing. 7.Processes commands to determine actions such as opening a website, playing music, fetching news, or generating a response via OpenAI. 8.Speech Output. 9.Provides responses using speak function with either pyttsx3 or gTTS. 10.Greets the user with \"Initializing Jarvis\....\" 11.Wake Word Detection\ 12.Acknowledges activation by saying \"Ya.\" 57  13.Processes commands to determine actions such as opening a website, playing music, fetching news, or generating a response via OpenAI. LIBRARIES USED speech\_recognition\ webbrowser\ pyttsx3\ musicLibrary\ requests\ openai\ gTTS\ pygame\ os 58 MEGA PROJECT 2: AUTO-REPLY AI CHATBOT DESCRIPTION This project automates the process of interacting with a chat application, specifically designed to analyze chat history and generate humorous responses using OpenAI\'s GPT-3.5-turbo model. The virtual assistant, named Naruto, is a character that roasts people in a funny way, based on the chat history. FEATURES 14.Automated Chat Interaction\ 15.Uses pyautogui to perform mouse and keyboard operations, interacting with the chat application without manual intervention. 16.Chat History Analysis\ 17.Copies chat history from the chat application and analyzes it to determine if the last message was sent by a specific user (e.g., \"Rohan Das\"). 18.Humorous Response Generation\ 19.Integrates with OpenAI\'s GPT-3.5-turbo model to generate funny, roast-style responses based on the analyzed chat history. 20.Clipboard Operations\ 21.Utilizes pyperclip to copy and paste text, facilitating the retrieval and insertion of chat messages. 22.Uses pyautogui to perform mouse and keyboard operations, interacting with the chat application without manual intervention. 23.Copies chat history from the chat application and analyzes it to determine if the last message was sent by a specific user (e.g., \"Rohan Das\"). 24.Humorous Response Generation\ 25.Integrates with OpenAI\'s GPT-3.5-turbo model to generate funny, roast-style responses based on the analyzed chat history. WORKFLOW 59  LIBRARIES USED 1.pyautogui: For automating mouse and keyboard interactions. 2.time: For adding delays between operations. 3.pyperclip: For clipboard operations. 4.openai: For interacting with OpenAI\'s GPT-3.5-turbo model. 60