The Human Body PDF

The Human Body Professor Frazier Community College of Allegheny County Biol 161 Student Learning Outcomes STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO: Identify the organizational hierarchy of the human body Identify the eleven different body systems and how they interact Iden...

The Human Body Professor Frazier Community College of Allegheny County Biol 161 Student Learning Outcomes STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO: Identify the organizational hierarchy of the human body Identify the eleven different body systems and how they interact Identify and Explain the characteristics of life Explain homeostasis and feedback loops Identify body regions and explain directional terms anatomical positions What is Anatomy and Physiology? What is Anatomy and Physiology…. Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure Gross Microscopic Physiology: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things Anatomy Gross: study of structures without a microscope Regional: study area by area Systemic: study system by system Surface: study of external form with relation to deeper structures using imaging Microscopic: study of structures so small it requires aid of microscope Cytology: cellular anatomy Histology: study of tissues Anatomical Imaging X-ray: Electromagnetic waves Ultrasound: Sound waves Computed Tomography (CT): Computer-analyzed x-ray images. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Radio waves Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Radioactively labeled glucose Physiology Considers the operations of specific organ systems Cell physiology: examines processes in cells and how the body’s abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells Systemic physiology: functions of organ systems Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous system Cardiovascular physiology: the heart and blood vessels You Can’t Have one Without the Other Anatomy and physiology are inseparable A structures function always depends on its specific form Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise Organizational Hierarchy Atoms Molecules Chemical level Organelle Smooth muscle cell Chemical level Cell level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system Tissue level Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) Organ level Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial Organ System level tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organism level Organismal level Organ system level The human organism is made up of many organ Organ systems consist of different systems. organs that work together closely. Body Systems Organ Systems of the Human Body Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Nervous System Cardiovascular System Endocrine System Reproductive System  Hair Integumentary Skin Nails System Provides: Protection from injury Regulates temperature Prevents water loss, and Helps produce vitamin D Consists of: Skin Hair Nails Sweat glands Skeletal System Provides: Protection and support Allows Body movements Production of blood cells Storage of minerals and fat Consists of: 206 Bones Cartilages Ligaments Joints Muscular System Provides: Body movements Posture maintenance Body heat Consists of: Muscles Tendons Lymphatic System Functions to: Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph Combats disease Maintains tissue fluid balance Absorbs fats from the digestive tract Consists of: Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Lymphatic organs Respiratory System Functions to: Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and Regulates blood pH Consists of: The lungs Respiratory passages Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Digestive System Functions to: Chemically and mechanically digest Absorb nutrients Eliminate wastes Consists of: Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestines Large intestines Colon and Anus Accessory organs Nervous System Functions to: Detect sensations Controls movements Control physiological processes Control intellectual functions Consists of: Brain Spinal cord Nerves Sensory receptors Endocrine System Controls: Metabolism Growth Reproduction Consists of: Glands Hypothalamus Pituitary Thymus Thyroid Pancreas Gonads Cardiovascular System Functions to: Transport nutrients Transport waste Transport gases Transport hormones Regulate body temperature Play a role in immunity Consists of: Heart Blood vessels Blood Urinary System Functions to: Remove waste products from blood Regulate blood pH Regulate ion balance Maintain water balance Consists of: Kidneys Urinary bladder Ureters Urethra Female Reproductive System Functions to: Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development Produce milk for newborn Produce hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors Consists of: Ovaries Vagina Uterus Mammary glands Male Reproductive System Functions to: Produce and transfer sperm cells to the female Produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors Consists of: Testes Accessory structures Ducts Penis Homeostasis and Negative and Positive Feedback What constitutes something being alive? 1. Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body 2. Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust 3. Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells 4. Evolve/Develop: changes in an organism over time 5. Reproduction: new cells or new organisms 6. Organization: there are specific relationships and functions Homeostasis A major part of organization is homeostasis Homeostasis: maintenance of a constant internal environment Variables fluctuate around a set point to establish a normal range of values Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable Any major deviation from the set point range results in death Nutrients Oxygen Water Body temperature Atmospheric pressure Feedback Loops Homeostatic variable are kept near the set point via feed back loops: Negative feedback Most-used feedback mechanism in body Response reduces or stops the original stimulus Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change Controls events that require continuous control: Blood glucose Body temperature Positive feedback Response enhances the original stimulus Amplifying effect causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous control: Negative Feedback Regulates most systems in the body Counteracts a change in a variable to help maintain homeostasis Stimulus: Deviation from the set point Detected by the receptor Components: Receptor: monitors the value of some variable Integration center: establishes the set point Negative Feedback Example: Blood Glucose Stimulus: Rise in blood glucose Receptor relays the change in blood glucose via afferent neurons to the CNS Integrating center (brain) receives the signal and sends a signal via effectors neurons to the effector organ (pancreas) Pancreas received signal to produce insulin and release it into blood stream Insulin lowers blood glucose back down to set point and the stimuli stops Negative Feedback Example: Blood Glucose Stimulus: Drop in blood glucose Receptor relays the change in blood glucose via afferent neurons to the CNS Integrating center (brain) receives the signal and sends a signal via effectors neurons to the effector organ (pancreas) Pancreas received signal to produce glucagon and release it into blood stream Glucagon raises blood glucose back up to set point and the stimuli stops Positive Feedback Example: Blood clotting Stimulus: Damage to vascular Receptors relay the damage and send a callout to gather platelets Platelets stick to damaged vessel wall. This causes more platelets to aggregate Once the platelet fully forms the cycle ends  Anatomical Position, Directional Terms, and Body Regions Anatomical Position Anatomical Position Body erect Face forward Feet together Palms face forward Other Body Positions Supine: lying face upward Prone: lying face downward Directional Terms Superior vs. Inferior Toward or away from Medial vs. Lateral Farther or closer to midline Proximal vs. Distal Closer or further away on appendages Superficial vs. Deep Depth from surface Anterior vs. Posterior Anterior – Front Planes Through the Body Midsagittal: (midline/median) Down middle into left and right halves Parasagittal: Plane not down the midline of body Frontal: Anterior and posterior sections Transverse: Superior and inferior sections Longitudinal: Along the length of an organ Transverse: Right angle to the length of the organ Oblique: Body Regions Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Right hypochondriac region Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Epigastric region Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left hypochondriac region Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Right lumbar region Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Umbilical region Left lumber region Right Iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric region Left iliac (inguinal) region Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities Mediastinum Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity